Effect of the acoustic impedance in ultrasonic emitter transducers using digital modulations

In an underwater environment it is difficult to implement solutions for wireless communications. The existing technologies using electromagnetic waves or lasers are not very efficient due to the large attenuation in the aquatic environment. Ultrasound reveals a lower attenuation, and thus has been used in underwater long-distance communications. The much slower speed of acoustic propagation in water (about 1500 m/s) compared with that of electromagnetic and optical waves, is another limiting factor for efficient communication and networking. For high data-rates and real-time applications it is necessary to use frequencies in the MHz range, allowing communication distances of hundreds of meters with a delay of milliseconds. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to develop ultrasound transducers able to work at high frequencies and wideband, with suitable responses to digital modulations. This work shows how the acoustic impedance influences the performance of an ultrasonic emitter transducer when digital modulations are used and operating at frequencies between 100 kHz and 1 MHz. The study includes a Finite Element Method (FEM) and a MATLAB/Simulink simulation with an experimental validation to evaluate two types of piezoelectric materials: one based on ceramics (high acoustic impedance) with a resonance design and the other based in polymer (low acoustic impedance) designed to optimize the performance when digital modulations are used. The transducers performance for Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK), On-Off Keying (OOK), Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK) modulations with a 1 MHz carrier at 125 kbps baud rate are compared.

Simulação numérica do comportamento termomecânico do envolvimento em betão da espiral de uma turbina hidroelétrica

Em grandes massas de betão, a natureza exotérmica das reações de hidratação do cimento promove uma forte elevação da temperatura. A baixa condutibilidade térmica do betão induz o aparecimento de consideráveis gradientes de temperatura, que caso não sejam controlados podem originar a fendilhação do betão nas primeiras idades. O presente artigo contém a análise termomecânica do envolvimento em betão da espiral de uma turbina de uma barragem, com vista à avaliação do risco de fendilhação térmica daquele material. O estudo inclui a monitorização in-situ de temperaturas e extensões, bem como a caraterização laboratorial do betão.

Dynamic modelling and analysis of hydraulic forces in radial blood pumps

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Biomedical Engineering Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Rehabilitation