Pesquisa experimental para avaliação da eficiência da fibra de aço na resistência à punção de lajes lisas reforçadas simetricamente

O presente artigo é dedicado à avaliação experimental da eficiência do reforço com fibra de aço em termos da resistência à punção de lajes lisa carregadas simetricamente. Para este fim, oito lajes de 2550 x 2550 x 150 mm3 foram ensaiadas até a ruína, onde se investigou a influência do consumo de fibras (0, 60, 75 e 90 kg/m3) e da resistência do concreto (50 e 70 MPa). Duas lajes de referência, sem fibras, uma para cada classe de resistência do concreto, e uma laje para cada consumo de fibra e para cada classe de resistência do concreto compuseram o programa experimental. Todas as lajes foram armadas à flexão com barras de aço (armadura convencional) de forma a garantir a ruína por punção das lajes de referência. O único reforço transversal foi garantido pelas fibras de aço hooked ends com comprimento e diâmetro de 37 e 0,55 mm, respectivamente, e resistência à tração de aproximadamente 1100 MPa. Os resultados revelaram que as fibras de aço são muito eficientes em converter uma ruína frágil por cisalhamento em uma ruína dúctil por flexão, aprimorando ambos, carga de ruptura e deslocamento. Neste artigo o programa experimental é abordado em detalhe e os principais resultados são apresentados e discutidos.

Numerical simulation of the punching shear behaviour of self-compacting fibre reinforced flat slabs

This paper presents the numerical simulations of the punching behaviour of centrally loaded steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) flat slabs. Eight half scaled slabs reinforced with different content of hooked-end steel fibres (0, 60, 75 and 90 kg/m3) and concrete strengths of 50 and 70 MPa were tested and numerically modelled. Moreover, a total of 54 three-point bending tests were carried out to assess the post-cracking flexural tensile strength. All the slabs had a relatively high conventional flexural reinforcement in order to promote the occurrence of punching failure mode. Neither of the slabs had any type of specific shear reinforcement rather than the contribution of the steel fibres. The numerical simulations were performed according to the Reissner-Mindlin theory under the finite element method framework. Regarding the classic formulation of the Reissner-Mindlin theory, in order to simulate the progressive damage induced by cracking, the shell element is discretized into layers, being assumed a plane stress state in each layer. The numerical results are, then, compared with the experimental ones and it is possible to notice that they accurately predict the experimental force-deflection relationship. The type of failure observed experimentally was also predicted in the numerical simulations.

Assessment of the effectiveness of steel fibre reinforcement for the punching resistance of flat slabs by experimental research and design approach

The present paper deals with the experimental assessment of the effectiveness of steel fibre reinforcement in terms of punching resistance of centrically loaded flat slabs, and to the development of an analytical model capable of predicting the punching behaviour of this type of structures. For this purpose, eight slabs of 2550 x 2550 x 150 mm3 dimensions were tested up to failure, by investigating the influence of the content of steel fibres (0, 60, 75 and 90 kg/m3) and concrete strength class (50 and 70 MPa). Two reference slabs without fibre reinforcement, one for each concrete strength class, and one slab for each fibre content and each strength class compose the experimental program. All slabs were flexurally reinforced with a grid of ribbed steel bars in a percentage to assure punching failure mode for the reference slabs. Hooked ends steel fibres provided the unique shear reinforcement. The results have revealed that steel fibres are very effective in converting brittle punching failure into ductile flexural failure, by increasing both the ultimate load and deflection, as long as adequate fibre reinforcement is assured. An analytical model was developed based on the most recent concepts proposed by the fib Mode Code 2010 for predicting the punching resistance of flat slabs and for the characterization of the behaviour of fibre reinforced concrete. The most refined version of this model was capable of predicting the punching resistance of the tested slabs with excellent accuracy and coefficient of variation of about 5%.

Eco-efficient self-compacting concrete with reduced Portland cement content and high volume of fly ash and metakaolin

The eco-efficient, self-compacting concrete (SCC) production, containing low levels of cement in its formulation, shall contribute for the constructions' sustainability due to the decrease in Portland cement use, to the use of industrial residue, for beyond the minimization of the energy needed for its placement and compaction. In this context, the present paper intends to assess the viability of SCC production with low cement levels by determining the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing high levels of fly ash (FA) and also metakaolin (MK). Hence, 6 different concrete formulations were produced and tested: two reference concretes made with 300 and 500 kg/m3 of cement; the others were produced in order to evaluate the effects of high replacement levels of cement. Cement replacement by FA of 60% and by 50% of FA plus 20% of MK were tested and the addition of hydrated lime in these two types of concrete were also studied. To evaluate the self-compacting ability slump flow test, T500, J-ring, V-funnel and L-box were performed. In the hardened state the compressive strength at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 90 days of age was determined. The results showed that it is possible to produce low cement content SCC by replacing high levels of cement by mineral additions, meeting the rheological requirements for self-compacting, with moderate resistances from 25 to 30 MPa after 28 days.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização tribológica de hidrogéis poliméricos de PVA reforçados com fosfato tricálcico para aplicação como cartilagem articular para implantes articulares

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Materiais

Avaliação da durabilidade de concretos autoadensáveis com reduzido teor de cimento e elevados teores de adições minerais

A indústria de concreto é uma grande consumidora de recursos naturais, seja para a produção de agregados, ou para a produção de cimento Portland, onde grandes quantidades de calcário são extraídas. Além disso, a indústria do cimento tem uma grande contribuição na emissão de gases responsáveis pelo efeito estufa, portanto iniciativas que busquem reduzir o consumo de cimento nos concretos são importantes para a sustentabilidade das construções. Este trabalho avalia parâmetros de durabilidade de concretos autoadensáveis (CAA) com baixo consumo de cimento e elevados teores de cinza volante e metacaulim, com e sem a adição de cal, em comparação a dois concretos sem adições. Foram avaliados CAA com consumos de cimento entre 150 e 200 kg por m3 de concreto. Os ensaios realizados foram de resistividade, difusão de íons cloreto (LNEC E-463/2004), carbonatação acelerada e absorção por capilaridade. Os resultados demonstram a aptidão em produzir CAA com misturas terciárias e quaternárias com baixo consumo e que atendam as resistências correntes aos 28 dias (30 a 40 MPa), proporcionando ainda ganhos acentuados na durabilidade e elevadas resistências aos 90 dias.

Efeito do tempo e temperatura de cura em concretos autoadensáveis com reduzido teor de cimento

Os concretos com reduzidos teores de cimento têm sido foco de crescentes estudos em virtude do seu potencial quanto a sustentabilidade das construções. Mais recentemente o estudo ascendeu aos concretos autoadensáveis com reduzidos teores de cimento. Entretanto, há uma preocupação quanto ao ganho de resistência nas primeiras idades desses concretos devido ao baixo teor de cimento e o elevado teor de adições minerais que conhecidamente proporcionam melhorias nas resistências a longas idades, notadamente acima de 90 dias. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar o ganho de resistência e a hidratação de concretos autoadensáveis com reduzidos teores de cimento e elevados teores de cinza volante e metacaulim, com e sem adição de hidróxido de cálcio. Para tanto, os concretos foram submetidos a cura por imersão em água a temperatura de 20±2ºC durante 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 91 e 360 dias e também cura em água aquecida a 40ºC por 3 dias acrescidos de mais 3 dias a 60ºC e um dia de resfriamento dentro do banho térmico até a temperatura ambiente. Foram realizados ensaios de slump flow, L-box, V-test e J-ring para caracterização do CAA no estado fresco. No estado endurecido foram realizados ensaios de resistência à compressão a idades de 3, 7, 14, 28, 90 e 360 dias, absorção por capilaridade, difração de raios X e MEV. Os resultados demonstram a aptidão em desenvolver CAA com reduzidos teores de cimento devido a excelente capacidade das cinzas volantes e metacaulim em trabalharem como agentes viscosificadores dos concretos autoadensáveis. Verifica-se que é possível produzir CAA com consumos de cimento entre 150 e 200 kg/m3 que atinjam resistências aos 28 dias entre 25 e 40 MPa e entre 45 e 70 MPa, para cura úmida e térmica respectivamente. A partir do ensaios de MEV e DRX é possível inferir que o ganho de resistência obtido pelos CAA com cura térmica é devido a aceleração das reações pozolânicas e da estrutura interna mais densa dos concretos submetidos a cura térmica.

Acetylated bacterial cellulose coated with urinary bladder matrix as a substrate for retinal pigment epithelium

This work evaluated the effect of acetylated bacterial cellulose (ABC) substrates coated with urinary bladder matrix (UBM) on the behavior of Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), as assessed by cell adhesion, proliferation and development of cell polarity exhibiting transepithelial resistance and polygonal shaped-cells with microvilli. Acetylation of bacterial cellulose (BC) generated a moderate hydrophobic surface (around 65°) while the adsorption of UBM onto these acetylated substrates did not affect significantly the surface hydrophobicity. The ABS substrates coated with UBM enabled the development of a cell phenotype closer to that of native RPE cells. These cells were able to express proteins essential for their cytoskeletal organization and metabolic function (ZO-1 and RPE65), while showing a polygonal shaped morphology with microvilli and a monolayer configuration. The coated ABC substrates were also characterized, exhibiting low swelling effect (between 1.52.0 swelling/mm3), high mechanical strength (2048 MPa) and non-pyrogenicity (2.12 EU/L). Therefore, the ABC substrates coated with UBM exhibit interesting features as potential cell carriers in RPE transplantation that ought to be further explored.

Processamento e caracterização de compósitos de Ti-HAP para aplicações biomédicas

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Materiais

Avaliação experimental da utilização de conectores indentados em elementos mistos de aço e betão leve

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Highly robust hydrogels via a fast, simple and cytocompatible dual crosslinking-based process

A highly robust hydrogel device made from a single biopolymer formulation is reported. Owing to the presence of covalent and non-covalent crosslinks, these engineered systems were able to (i) sustain a compressive strength of ca. 20 MPa, (ii) quickly recover upon unloading, and (iii) encapsulate cells with high viability rates.

Highly robust chitosan hydrogels via a fast, simple and biocompatible dual crosslinking-based process

Load-bearing soft tissues such as cartilage, blood vessels and muscles are able to withstand a remarkable compressive stress of several MPa without fracturing. Interestingly, most of these structural tissues are mainly composed of water and in this regard, hydrogels, as highly hydrated 3D-crosslinked polymeric networks, constitute a promising class of materials to repair lesions on these tissues. Although several approaches can be employed to shape the mechanical properties of artificial hydrogels to mimic the ones found on biotissues, critical issues regarding, for instance, their biocompatibility and recoverability after loading are often neglected. Therefore, an innovative hydrogel device made only of chitosan (CHI) was developed for the repair of robust biological tissues. These systems were fabricated through a dual-crosslinking process, comprising a photo- and an ionic-crosslinking step. The obtained CHIbased hydrogels exhibited an outstanding compressive strength of ca. 20 MPa at 95% of strain, which is several orders of magnitude higher than those of the individual components and close to the ones found in native soft tissues. Additionally, both crosslinking processes occur rapidly and under physiological conditions, enabling cellsâ encapsulation as confirmed by high cell survival rates (ca. 80%). Furthermore, in contrast with conventional hydrogels, these networks quickly recover upon unloading and are able to keep their mechanical properties under physiological conditions as result of their non-swell nature.