Estudo da partição de fitase produzida por Aspergillus niger var. phoenicis utilizando bioconversão extrativa em sistemas de duas fases aquosas PEG/citrato

Existem diversos métodos tradicionais que são utilizados para extratir biomoléculas produzidas por fermentação convencional. Um método alternativo é o sistema de duas fases aquosas, o qual foi desenvolvido para a extração de bioprodutos. A bioconversão extrativa trata-se de um sistema de duas fases aquosas que integra cultivo microbiológico à produção e recuperação do bioproduto. Fitases são fosfatases específicas que estão envolvidas na catálise do ácido fitico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a partição da fitase produzida por A. niger var. phoenicis por bioconversão extrativa utilizando PEG/citrato. Realizou-se um planejamento fatorial completo 25, estudando as seguintes variáveis: massa molar do PEG, concentração do PEG, concentração de citrato, pH e agitação, onde obteve-se como variável-resposta o coeficiente de partição em atividade (KATIV). Neste trabalho conseguiu-se um coeficiente de partição de 25,77 utilizando MPEG (8000 g/mol), CPEG, (26,0% m/m), CCIT (20,0% m/m), pH (6,0) e agitação (100 rpm). Através dos resultados obtivos, pode-se concluir que a fitase utilizada no presente estudo apresenta uma tendência de particionar para a fase superior do sistema (K>1). A técnica de fermentação extrativa utilizando SDFA PEG/citrato demonstrou ser promissora para extração de fitase produzida por A. niger var. phoenicis, podendo ser aplicada na composição de rações comerciais.

Mechanism of extracellular silver nanoparticles synthesis by Stereum hirsutum and Fusarium oxysporum

The increasing interest for greener and biological methods of synthesis has led to the development of non-toxic and comparatively more bioactive nanoparticles. Unlike physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis, microbial synthesis in general and mycosynthesis in particular is cost-effective and environment-friendly. However, different aspects, such as the rate of synthesis, monodispersity and downstream processing, need to be improved. Many fungal-based mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), mainly those involving the presence of nitrate reductase, which has been detected in filtered fungus cell used for AgNPs production. There is a general acceptance that nitrate reductase is the main responsible for the reduction of Ag ions for the formation of AgNPs. However, this generally accepted mechanism for fungal AgNPs production is not totally understood. In order to elucidate the molecules participating in the mechanistic formation of metal nanoparticles, the current study is focused on the enzymes and other organic compounds involved in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The use of each free fungal mycelium of both Stereum hirsutum and Fusarium oxysporum will be assessed. In order to identify defective mutants on the nitrate reductase structural gene niaD, fungal cultures of S.hirsutum and F.oxysporum will be selected by chlorate resistance. In addition, in order to verify if each compound identified as key-molecule influenced on the production of nanoparticles, an in vitro assay using different nitrogen sources will be developed. Lately, fungal extracellular enzymes will be measured and an in vitro assay will be done. Finally, The nanoparticle formation and its characterization will be evaluated by UV-visible spectroscopy, electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and LC-MS/MS.

Energy and carbon prices: a comparison of interactions in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and the Western Climate Initiative market

We provide a comparative analysis of how short-run variations in carbon and energy prices relate to each other in the emerging greenhouse gas market in California (Western Climate Initiative [WCI], and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme [EU ETS]). We characterize the relationship between carbon, gas, coal, electricity and gasoline prices and an indicator for economic activity, and present a first analysis of carbon prices in the WCI. We also provide a comparative analysis of the structures of the two markets. We estimate a vector autoregressive model and the impulse--response functions. Our main findings show a positive impact from a carbon shock toward electricity, in both markets, but larger in the WCI electricity price, indicating more efficiency. We propose that the widening of carbon market sectors, namely fuels transport and electricity imports, may contribute to this result. To conclude, the research shows significant and coherent relations between variables in WCI, which demonstrate some degree of success for a first year in operation. Reversely, the EU ETS should complete its intended market reform, to allow for more impact of the carbon price. Finally, in both markets, there is no evidence of carbon pricing depleting economic activity.