Development of polymer wicks for the fabrication of bio-medical sensors

Polymer based wicking structures were fabricated by sintering powders of polycarbonate (PC), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and polyamide 12, aiming at selecting a suitable material for an innovative electroencephalography (EEG) bio-electrode. Preliminary experiments showed that PC based wicks displayed the best mechanical properties, therefore more detailed studies were carried out with PC to evaluate the influence of powder granulometry and processing parameters (pressure, temperature and time) on the mechanical properties, porosity, mean pore radius and permeability of the wicks. It was concluded that the mechanical properties are significantly enhanced by increasing the processing time and pressure, although at the expense of a significant decrease of porosity and mean pore diameter (and thus permeability), particularly for the highest applied pressures (74kPa). However, a good compromise between porosity/permeability and mechanical properties could be obtained by sintering PC powders of particle sizes below 500μm at 165°C for 5min, upon an applied pressure of 56kPa. Moreover, PC proved to be chemically stable in contact with an EEG common used disinfectant. Thus, wicking structures with appropriate properties for the fabrication of reusable bio-electrodes could be fabricated from the sintering of PC powders.

Educar para a sexualidade e para os afetos: Conceções de jovens, antigos residentes em LIJ's de Braga

Numa sociedade e cultura em que problemáticas biopsicoafetivas nas escolas emergem a cada dia, parece justificar-se ponderar formas eficazes de prevenir comportamentos sexuais de risco. Esta Investigação-Ação inicial e exploratória tem como fundamento a avaliação-intervenção e reflexão sobre ideias/pensamentos de jovens acolhidos em Lares de Infância e Juventude (LIJs), no sentido de se entender melhor o impacto de fatores de risco e de fatores de equilíbrio/moderadores, em LIJ´s, com condições de vida problemáticas associadas: orfandade, situação socioeconómica frágil, exposição a modelos educativos desajustados, entre outros critérios de relação e cultura distinta de “meios naturais de vida”. Parecem evidentes as consequências negativas do afastamento familiar, absentismo escolar, limitações de competências sociais-pessoais, para se melhorar/potenciar a existência de menores. Compreendem-se dificuldades na área da implementação da Educação Sexual, consistente e prolongada, assim como a emergência de condutas psicossexuais desajustadas, que possam comprometer uma sexualidade saudável. Assim, foram efetuadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a 8 jovens, de 18-26 anos, antigos residentes de LIJs, com permanência (prolongada), excedendo os quatro anos, o que possibilita apresentar, por método e técnicas de Analise de Discurso, conceções de sexualidade e consequentemente poder delinear um plano interventivo com outros mais jovens. Entre outros dados, apreende-se que nenhum dos participantes refere motivos plenos para a sua institucionalização, ignorando ou rejeitando a adversidade e maus tratos/abuso na sua infância.

The contribution of phenolic acids to the anti-inflammatory activity of mushrooms: Screening in phenolic extracts, individual parent molecules and synthesized glucuronated and methylated derivatives

In the present study, the ethanolic extracts of fourteen edible mushrooms were investigated for their anti-inflammatory potential in LPS (lipopolysaccharide) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore the extracts were chemically characterized in terms of phenolic acids and related compounds. The identified molecules (p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and cinnamic acids) and their glucuronated and methylated derivatives obtained by chemical synthesis were also evaluated for the same bioactivity, in order to establish structure-activity relationships and to comprehend the effects of in vivo metabolism reactions in the activity of the compounds. The extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus impolitus and Agaricus bisporus revealed the strongest anti-inflammatory potential (EC50 values 96 ± 1 to 190 ± 6 µg/mL, and also the highest concentration of cinnamic acid (656 to 156 µg/g), which was also the individual compound with the highest anti-inflammatory activity. The derivatives of p-coumaric acid revealed the strongest properties, specially the derivative methylated in the carboxylic group (CoA-M1) that exhibited similar activity to the one showed by dexamethaxone used as anti-inflammatory standard; by contrast, the derivatives of p-hydroxybenzoic revealed the lowest inhibition of NO production. All in all, whereas the conjugation reactions change the chemical structure of phenolic acids and may increase or decrease their activity, the glucuronated and methylated derivatives of the studied compounds are still displaying anti-inflammatory activity.