Gewebeansatz-Strukturen auf pyritisierten Steinkernen von Ammonoideen

3400 pyritized internal moulds of Upper Devonian, Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous ammonoids show various soft tissue attachment structures. They are preserved as regularly distributed black patterns on the moulds. All structures can be interpreted as attachment areas of muscles, ligaments and intracameral membranes. Paired structures are developed along the umbilicus and on the flanks of the moulds, unpaired ones appear on the middle of their dorsal and ventral sides. Strong lateral muscles cause paired twin lines on the flanks of the phragmocone and of the body chamber. A ventral muscle is deduced from small rounded or crescent shaped spots in front of each septum on the ventral side. These spots are often connected, forming a band-like structure. Broad dark external bands on the ventral side of the phragmocone, ventral preseptal areas in the posterior part of the living chamber, small twin lines or oval shaped areas on the ventral side of the living chamber represent paired or unpaired attachment areas of the hyponome muscle. A middorsal muscle is documented by small roughened areas in front of each dorsal lobe. Dark spots along the umbilicus, often connected and thus forming a band-like structure (tracking band), are remains of a pair of small dorsolateral muscles at the posterior end of the soft body. Dark bands, lines and rows of small crescent shaped structures behind the tips of sutural lobes are due to spotlike fixation places of the posterior part of the mantle and their translocation before subsequent septal secretion. Devonian goniatites had a paired system of lateral and ventrolateral muscles preserved on the moulds as black or incised lines on the flanks of the living chamber and as dark preseptal areas, ventrally indented. These structures represent the attachment areas of paired lateral cephalic and paired ventral hyponome retractors. Fine black lines on the phragmocone situated parallel to the sutures (pseudosutures) represent a rhythmical secretion of camera! membranes during softbody translocation. Goniatites had a paired system of lateral and ventrolateral muscles, whilst Neoammonoids have a paired lateral and dorsolateral system, and, additionally, an unpaired system on the ventral and on the dorsal side. Mesoammonoids show only a paired lateral and an unpaired dorsal one. Fine black lines situated parallel to the saddles and behind the lobes of the suture line can be interpreted as structures left during softbody translocation and a temporary attachment of rhythmical secreted cameral membranes. Cameral membranes had supported the efficiency of the phragmocone. Only some of the observed structures are also present in recent Nautilus. Differences in the form and position of attachment sites between ammonoids and recent Nautilus indicate different soft body organizations between ammonoids and nautiloids. The attachment structures of goniatites especially of tornoceratids can be compared with those of Nautilus which indicates Richter - Gewebeansatz-Strukturen bei Ammonoideen 3 a comparable mode of life. Differences in the form and position of attachment structures between goniatites and ammonites may indicate an increasing differentiation of the muscular system in the phylogeny of this group. Different soft body organization may depend on shell morphology and on a different mode of life. On the modification or reduction of distinct muscle systems ammonoids can be assigned to different ecotypes. Based on shell morphology and the attachment areas of cephalic and hyponome retractor muscles two groups can be subdivided: - Depressed, evolute morphotypes with longidome body-chambers show only small ventral hyponome retractor muscles. Lateral cephalic retractors are not developed. These morphotypes are adapted to a demersal mode of life. Without strong cephalic retractor muscles no efficient jet propulsion can be produced. These groups represent vertical migrants with efficient phragmocone properties (multilobate sutures, cameral membranes, narrow septal spacing). - Compressed, involute moiphotypes with brevidome body-chambers show strong cephalic and hyponome retractor muscles and represent a group of active swimmers. These morphotypes were able to live at different depths, in the free water column or/and near the seafloor. They are not confined only to one habitat. Most of the examined genera and species belong to this group. Changes of the attachment structures in the course of ontogeny confirm that juveniles of Amaltheus and Quenstedtoceras lived as passive planche drifters in upper and intermediate parts of the free water column after hatching. At the end of the juvenile stage with a shell diameter of 0,3 - 0,5 cm cephalic retractor muscles developed. With the beginning of an active swimming mode of life (neanic stage) the subadult animals left the free water column and moved into shallow water habitats. Fuciniceras showed no marked changes in the attachment structures during ontogeny. This indicates that there occur no differences in the mode of life between juvenile and adult growth stages. Based on attachment structures and shell morphology of Devonian goniatites their relation to the systematic position permits statements about probable phylogenetic relationships between the Cheiloceratidae and Tornoceratidae. In some cases attachment structures of ammonites permit statements about phylogenetic relationships on family and genus level.

Late Devonian (Famennian) jaws: the icriodid multielement apparatus and its function

In this study the conodont multielement apparatus of Late Devonian (Famennian) Icriodus altematus is described which has been reconstructed from clustered group findings and separated elements. This apparatus is markedly different from classical ozarkodinid apparatuses and needs further consideration of its functional morphology. Since bedding plane assemblages of Icriodus altematus are yet unknown, a spatial reconstruction of this apparatus and a feeding mechanism are proposed which are based on the oropharyngal apparatus of recent lampreys. Though the extant representatives of petromyzontoids are not close phylogenetic relatives of extinct conodonts, there exist intriguing analogies concerning the morphology of the tooth types and the presumed spatial distribution within the oral cavity of both taxa.

Schwermineral-Untersuchungen in quartär-zeitlichen Sanden nordwestlich von Hannover

A total of 117 samples of quarternary sediments, mostly sands, from a region NW of Hannover (Lower Saxony) has been investigated with regard to their content of heavy minerals. The absolute percentage of transparent heavy minerals approximates 0.2 Vol.%. If several samples of glaciofluvial sands (Drenthe-stage) or dune sands (Late Weichsel-stage to Holocene) are taken from one outcrop they show great similarities in their heavy minerals contents. Glaciofluvial sands of the Elster-stage evidently have less Garnet, Hornblende and minerals of volcanic origin (Augite, partly also Orthopyroxenes, Oxyhornblende and Olivine) than those of the Drenthe-stage, Weichsel-stage, and the Holocene. All these groups hold nearly the same average assemblages of heavy mineral, thus indicating that within the Drenthe-stage or later material from north and from south has been mixed and/or reworked. In the area investigated the proportions of heavy minerals do not help to identify either the stratigraphic position or the way of deposition of different sandy sediments younger than the Elster-stage. The distributional pattern of several heavy minerals point out that Kyanite, Hornblende and Epidote have been transported predominantly from the north, whereas Garnet and Staurolite have sources both in the north and the south. Tourmaline, Apatite and the minerals of volcanic origin mainly must be derived from the south. All results obtained in the region examined should not be transferred to other zones of the lowlands of Northern Germany automatically.

Ein Profil von den Ornaten-Schichten (Callovium-Dogger) bis zum unteren Korallenoolith (Oxfordium-Malm) im Grubenfeld Konrad , Salzgitter-Bleckenstedt (Ostniedersachsen)

Im Grubenfeld "Konrad" der Salzgitter-Erzbergbau AG bei Salzgitter-Bleckenstedt wurde ein 62 m mächtiges, von den Ornaten-Schichten (Mittel-Callovium, coronaten-Zone) bis an die Basis des Mittleren Korallenoolith (Mittel-Oxfordium, plicatilis-Zone oder Ober-Oxfordium, cautisnigrae-Zone) reichendes Profil aufgenommen und untersucht. Die Mächtigkeit der Heersumer Schichten beträgt nur 1,5 m, die des Unteren Korallenoolith ca. 60 m. Im Gegensatz zum nördlichen Teil des Gifhorner Troges (SEITZ 1950) ist die Mächtigkeit der Heersumer Schichten im südlichen Teil also erheblich geringer. Der Untere Korallenoolith ist in beiden Vorkommen etwa gleichmächtig entwickelt. Die Schichtlücke zwischen Mittel-Callovium und Unter-Oxfor- dium, die im untersuchten Profil nachgewiesen werden konnte, tritt auch am nördlichen Harzrand in der Grube "Hansa" (DENG- LER 1954) und im Wiehengebirge (LANGE 1971) auf. Offensichtlich ist sie jedoch nur lokal entwickelt, denn im Hildesheimer Jurazug (VINKEN 1974, 1975), im nördlichen Teil des Gifhorner Troges (SEITZ 1950) und am nördlichen Harzrand in unmittelbarer Nähe der Grube "Hansa" (s.o.) liegen lückenlose Profile vor. Daß diese Schichtlücken auch im Südteil des Gifhorner Troges auftreten, spricht für ein späteres Einsetzen der Trogtendenz in diesem Gebiet. Die untersuchten Schichten stimmen in ihren wesentlichen faziellen und petrographischen Merkmalen mit benachbarten Vorkommen überein. Die Zyklen im Unteren Korallenoolith werden als Ergebnis sich ablösender Transgressions- und Regressionsphasen gedeutet.

Ein jungpleistozäner Leopardenfund aus der Baumannshöhle bei Rübeland im Harz

Ein Leopardenfund aus der Baumannshöhle bei Rübeland im Harz, der mit Hilfe seiner Begleitfauna und der an der gleichen Lokalität gefundenen Artefakte in die frühe Weichsel-Eiszeit datiert werden kann, wird mit anderen in der Literatur beschriebenen pleistozänen Vorkommen von Panthera pardus (L.) und mit dem rezenten Leoparden verglichen. Es zeigt sich, daß die pleistozänen Leoparden im Durchschnitt etwas kräftiger als ihre rezenten Verwandten waren. Leichte Abweichungen von den rezenten Verhältnissen finden sich übereinstimmend bei den mittel- bis jungpleistozänen Exemplaren in der Längengliederung von P— und P— (Abb. l). Gerichtete phylogenetische Veränderungen von älteren zu jüngeren Formen lassen sich jedoch nicht nachweisen. Einige der Unterschiede, die den altpleistozänen Leoparden aus den Mauerer Sanden von den jüngeren aus dem Eem- Interglazial und der Saale-Eiszeit bzw. der späten Elster-Eiszeit trennen, werden durch den Rübeländer Fund überbrückt (Abb. 2), ohne daß deswegen an der von SOERGEL (1914) und E.SCHMID (1940) betonten und durch einen Neufund (Beschreibung S.105) bestätigten Sonderstellung des Mauerer Tieres gezweifelt werden kann. Es ist dies lediglich als Beweis dafür anzusehen, daß die Variabilität innerhalb des mittel- bis jungpleistozänen Formenkreises ebenso groß wie bei den rezenten Leoparden gewesen sein muß.