6 resultados para Eduction by AM

em Institutional Repository of Leibniz University Hannover


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BACKGROUND: More than 80 % of all terrestrial plant species establish an arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with Glomeromycota fungi. This plant-microbe interaction primarily improves phosphate uptake, but also supports nitrogen, mineral, and water aquisition. During the pre-contact stage, the AM symbiosis is controled by an exchange of diffusible factors from either partner. Amongst others, fungal signals were identified as a mix of sulfated and non-sulfated lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), being structurally related to rhizobial nodulation (Nod)-factor LCOs that in legumes induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. LCO signals are transduced via a common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP) that activates a group of GRAS transcription factors (TFs). Using complex gene expression fingerprints as molecular phenotypes, this study primarily intended to shed light on the importance of the GRAS TFs NSP1 and RAM1 for LCO-activated gene expression during pre-symbiotic signaling. RESULTS: We investigated the genome-wide transcriptional responses in 5 days old primary roots of the Medicago truncatula wild type and four symbiotic mutants to a 6 h challenge with LCO signals supplied at 10(-7/-8) M. We were able to show that during the pre-symbiotic stage, sulfated Myc-, non-sulfated Myc-, and Nod-LCO-activated gene expression almost exclusively depends on the LysM receptor kinase NFP and is largely controled by the CSSP, although responses independent of this pathway exist. Our results show that downstream of the CSSP, gene expression activation by Myc-LCOs supplied at 10(-7/-8) M strictly required both the GRAS transcription factors RAM1 and NSP1, whereas those genes either co- or specifically activated by Nod-LCOs displayed a preferential NSP1-dependency. RAM1, a central regulator of root colonization by AM fungi, controled genes activated by non-sulfated Myc-LCOs during the pre-symbiotic stage that are also up-regulated in areas with early physical contact, e.g. hyphopodia and infecting hyphae; linking responses to externally applied LCOs with early root colonization. CONCLUSIONS: Since both RAM1 and NSP1 were essential for the pre-symbiotic transcriptional reprogramming by Myc-LCOs, we propose that downstream of the CSSP, these GRAS transcription factors act synergistically in the transduction of those diffusible signals that pre-announce the presence of symbiotic fungi.

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Am Osthang des Eggegebirges zwischen Horn-Bad-Meinberg und Langeland ist der Lias vom Hettangium bis zum Sinemurium in meist lückenhaften Aufschlüssen erhalten. Aus den Teilprofilen wurde in dieser Arbeit ein Normalprofil zusammengestellt. Die Liasschichten sind ihrer beckenrandnahen Lage entsprechend kalkig, mergelig und tonig mit unterschiedlich hohen Anteilen von terrigenem Detritus ausgebildet. Aufgrund lithologischer Unterschiede wurden verschiedene Gesteinstypen klassifiziert und beschrieben und das Normalprofil in fünf petrographische Abschnitte unterteilt. Die orthostratigraphische Einstufung erfolgte mit Ammoniten.

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The Gorleben salt dome is actually investigated for its suitability as a repository for radioactive waste. It is crossed by a subglacial drainage channel, formed during the Elsterian glaciation (Gorleben channel). Some units of its filling vary strongly in niveau and thickness. Lowest positions and/or largest thickness are found above the salt dome. This is interpreted as a result of subrosion during the Saalean glaciation. The rate can be calculated from niveau differences of sediments formed during the Holsteinian interglacial. However, their position might have been influenced by other factors also (relief of the channel bottom, glacial tectonics, settlement of underlying clay-rich sediments). Their relevance was estimated applying statistical techniques to niveau and thickness data from 79 drillings in the Gorleben channel. Two classes of drillings with features caused by either Saalean subrosion or sedimentary processes during the filling of the Gorleben channel can be distinguished by means of factor and discriminant analysis. This interpretation is supported by the results of classwise correlation and regression analysis. Effects of glacial tectonics on the position of Holsteinian sediments cannot be misunderstood as subrosional. The influence of the settlement of underlying clay sediments can be estimated quantitatively. Saalean subrosion rates calculated from niveau differences of Holsteinian sediments between both classes differ with respect to the method applied: maximum values are 0,83 or 0,96 mm/a, average values are 0,31 or 0,41 mm/a.

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In the first paragraphs of this paper a survey of the most ap- proved paleowind indicators is given. Methods, limitations and Problems of their Interpretation are discussed. The following indicators and their attributes are considered: loess, sandy loess (attributes: Sediment thickness, grain size, mineral compo- sition, sediment structure and morphology), paleosoils, vulcano- eolian Sediments, deep sea Sediments and paleo snowlines. In the second part of this paper the wind regimes predominating in Europe during the Weichselian glacial maximum are recon- structed based on information from more than 170 publications with interpretations of paleowind indicators. The results are presented in two survey maps. The most significant result is to indicate two competing wind regimes existing during the glacial maximum. In the immediate vicinity of the Fennoscandian glaciation and in eastern Europe paleowind indicators document easterly and north easterly anti- cyclonic winds; in central and Western Europe they show westerly winds originated in cyclones coming from the North Atlantic. Some modifications of the wind pattern are induced by local and regional morphological conditions (e.g. the Upper Rhine valley, the east rim of the Carpathian Mountains). In general and compared with previous investigations the study points to a more differentiated pattern of atmospheric circula- tion during the Weichselian Pleniglacial influenced by variing topographical, paleoecological and meteorological factors.

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Am nordwestlichen Harzrand zwischen Hahausen und Osterode wurden 482 Erdfälle systematisch aufgenommen. Als Erdfälle wurden dabei alle oberirdischen Groß-Subrosionsformen ungeachtet ihrer Entstehung aufgefaßt. Die Geländekartierung stützte sich auf Archivunterlagen, alte topographische und geologische Karten sowie auf Luftbilder. Erdfälle im Ausstrich gleicher stratigraphischer Einheiten wurden zusammengefaßt und ihre Basisdaten: Erdfalltyp, -umriß, -fläche und Formfaktor (Durchmesser:Tiefe) miteinander verglichen. Die Dimensionen der Erdfälle werden an der Oberfläche von zwei Faktoren beeinflußt, dem Alter und der Genese. Bei den meist fossilen Erdfällen werden charakteristische genetische Merkmale durch den Alterungsprozeß so stark überprägt, daß sie in der Statistik nicht mehr signifikant hervortreten. Für die einzelnen Schichtabschnitte wurden theoretische Modelle zur Erdfallmechanik am konkreten Beispiel überprüft. Im Oberen Buntsandstein können die Formen als Senkungskessel, Normalerdfälle und Subrosionserdfälle gedeutet werden. Mit den vorliegenden Daten ist es jedoch nicht möglich, einzelnen Erdfällen bestimmte Entstehungsmechanismen zuzuordnen. Die Erdfälle im Unteren Buntsandstein brechen siloartig zur Tagesfläche nach oben. Lockergesteinsbedeckung kann den Durchbruch verzögern, besonders wenn kohäsive Lagen eingeschaltet sind. Normalerdfälle treten im Zechstein 3 und 4 auf. Im nicht verkarsteten Gestein kann sich ein Pseudogewölbe ausbilden, aber auch ein kaminartiger Hohlraum ist denkbar. Im Basalanhydrit, Staßfurtkalk und -dolomit, in der Einsturzbreccie aus Staßfurtkalk und -dolomit sowie im Werra-Anhydrit entwickeln sich die Formen in Abhängigkeit vom Ansatzpunkt der Verkarstung. Wird innerhalb des Sulfatgesteins gelöst, so entstehen Normalerdfälle. Punktuelle Ablaugung an der Oberfläche des Karstgesteins führt zu Senkungskesseln. Mächtige Quartärbedeckung modifiziert ähnlich wie beim Unteren Buntsandstein die Bruch- und Senkungsvorgänge. Die Erdfälle treten vergesellschaftet auf und sind linear angeordnet, wobei sie Kluftmuster, Störungs- und Entspannungszonen nachzeichnen. Prognosen über zukünftige Erdfallbildungen können nicht gestellt werden. Die Geophysik verfügt bis jetzt über keine allgemein gültige Methode, um unterirdische Hohlräume nachzuweisen. Auch in der Bergschadenskunde sind keine Ansätze bekannt, die das Problem rechnerisch erfassen. Erste Versuche zur Bestimmung der ursprünglichen Hohlräume unter bekannten Erdfällen sind nur bedingt brauchbar. Eine Rayonisierung ist für die Bauplanung keine wirkliche Entscheidungshilfe. Zu große Flächen müßten danach als erdfallgefährdet angesehen werden. Nur eine detaillierte Aufnahme der subrosionsbedingten Veränderungen der Erdoberfläche unter Berücksichtigung des geologischen Rahmens liefert ein sicheres Fundament für die Beurteilung des Gefährdungsgrades einer Region.

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Composite plants consisting of a wild-type shoot and a transgenic root are frequently used for functional genomics in legume research. Although transformation of roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes leads to morphologically normal roots, the question arises as to whether such roots interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the same way as wild-type roots. To address this question, roots transformed with a vector containing the fluorescence marker DsRed were used to analyse AM in terms of mycorrhization rate, morphology of fungal and plant subcellular structures, as well as transcript and secondary metabolite accumulations. Mycorrhization rate, appearance, and developmental stages of arbuscules were identical in both types of roots. Using Mt16kOLI1Plus microarrays, transcript profiling of mycorrhizal roots showed that 222 and 73 genes exhibited at least a 2-fold induction and less than half of the expression, respectively, most of them described as AM regulated in the same direction in wild-type roots. To verify this, typical AM marker genes were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and revealed equal transcript accumulation in transgenic and wild-type roots. Regarding secondary metabolites, several isoflavonoids and apocarotenoids, all known to accumulate in mycorrhizal wild-type roots, have been found to be up-regulated in mycorrhizal in comparison with non-mycorrhizal transgenic roots. This set of data revealed a substantial similarity in mycorrhization of transgenic and wild-type roots of Medicago truncatula, validating the use of composite plants for studying AM-related effects.