Register Allocation and Optimal Spill code Scheduling in Software Pipelined Loops using 0-1 Integer Linear Programming Formulation

In achieving higher instruction level parallelism, software pipelining increases the register pressure in the loop. The usefulness of the generated schedule may be restricted to cases where the register pressure is less than the available number of registers. Spill instructions need to be introduced otherwise. But scheduling these spill instructions in the compact schedule is a difficult task. Several heuristics have been proposed to schedule spill code. These heuristics may generate more spill code than necessary, and scheduling them may necessitate increasing the initiation interval. We model the problem of register allocation with spill code generation and scheduling in software pipelined loops as a 0-1 integer linear program. The formulation minimizes the increase in initiation interval (II) by optimally placing spill code and simultaneously minimizes the amount of spill code produced. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first integrated formulation for register allocation, optimal spill code generation and scheduling for software pipelined loops. The proposed formulation performs better than the existing heuristics by preventing an increase in II in 11.11% of the loops and generating 18.48% less spill code on average among the loops extracted from Perfect Club and SPEC benchmarks with a moderate increase in compilation time.

Bridged systems via radical cyclization reactions. Stereospecific synthesis of chiral tricyclo[6.2.1.0(1,5)]undecanes

The application of radical-mediated cyclizations and annulations in organic synthesis has grown in importance steadily over the years to reach the present status where they are now routinely used in the strategy-level planning.2 The presence of a quaternary carbon atom is frequently encountered in terpenoid natural products, and it often creates a synthetic challenge when two or more quaternary carbon atoms are present in a contiguous manner.3 Even though creation of a quaternary carbon atom by employing a tertiary radical is very facile, creation of a quaternary carbon atom (or a spiro carbon atom) via radical addition onto a fully substituted olefinic carbon atom is not that common but of synthetic importance. For example, the primary radical derived from the bromide 1 failed to cyclize to generate the two vicinal quaternary carbon atoms and resulted in only the reduced product 2.4 The tricyclic carbon framework tricyclo[6.2.1.01,5]undecane (3) is present in a number of sesquiterpenoids e.g. zizzanes, prelacinanes, etc.5

Probing disorder in cubic pyrochlore Bi-1 Zn-5(1) Nb-0(1) O-5(7) (BZN) thin films

The dielectric response of pulsed laser ablated Bi-1 Zn-5(1) Nb-0(1) O-5(7) (BZN) thin films are investigated within the temperature range of 300-660 K and frequency range of 100 Hz-100 kHz Thin film exhibited a strong dielectric relaxation behavior A sharp rise in dielectric constant of BZN thin film at high temperatures is related to disorder in canon and anion lattices Observed dielectric relaxation implies a redistribution of charges within the unit cell This phenomenon suggests that the large change in dielectric constant is due to a dynamical rise of dipolar fluctuations in the unit cell XPS spectra of BZN (A(2)B(2)O(6)O') cubic pyrochlore confirm that the relaxation corresponds to the ionic hopping among the A and O' positions of several local potential minima Barrier height for hopping is distributed between 0 and 0 94 eV The O is spectrum confirms presence of two types of oxygen in BZN thin film The disorder in charge neutralized thin film is correlated with XPS spectra (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Superconductivity of La2?ySryCu1?xNixO4+? (y = 0.1, 0.2; 0less-than-or-equals, slantxless-than-or-equals, slant0.5) The hole-compensating effect of Ni

Magnetization measurements below 50 K on ceramic La2?ySryCu1?xNixO4+? (y = 0.1, 0.2; 0less-than-or-equals, slantxless-than-or-equals, slant0.5) show a progressive diminution of superconducting properties with increasing x. The larger suppressive action of Ni in the y=0.1 system than that for y=0.2 is attributed to the hole-compensating effect of Ni3+. The assumption that nickel is in the 3+ state satisfactorily explains: (1) the reduction in hole concentration, (2) a right-shift of the Tc versus y curve with x, and (3) the low magnetic moment carried by Ni atoms, in the La2?ySryCu1?xNixO4+? system.

Synthesis based on cyclohexadienes. Part-27. Synthesis of functionalized tricyclo[5.2.2.0(1,5)]undecanes

A new methodology for the construction of tricyclo[5.2.2.0(1,5)]undecanes is described from indane-4-carboxylic acids. Birch reduction of indane-4-carboxylic acids followed by conjugation and cycloaddition with alpha-chloroacrylonitrile and hydrolysis lead to the tricyclic compounds 36 and 48 which are intermediates in the eremolactone synthesis.

Synthesis of acicular hydrogoethite (alpha-FeOOH center dot xH(2)O; 0.1 < x < 0.22) particles using morphology controlling cationic additives and magnetic properties of maghemite derived from hydrogoethite

A method for the preparation of acicular hydrogoethite (alpha -FeOOH.xH(2)O, 0.1 < x < 0.22) particles of 0.3-1 mm length has been optimized by air oxidation of Fe( II) hydroxide gel precipitated from aqueous (NH4)(2)Fe(SO4)(2) solutions containing 0.005-0.02 atom% of cationic Pt, Pd or Rh additives as morphology controlling agents. Hydrogoethite particles are evolved from the amorphous ferrous hydroxide gel by heterogeneous nucleation and growth. Preferential adsorption of additives on certain crystallographic planes thereby retarding the growth in the perpendicular direction, allows the particles to acquire acicular shapes with high aspect ratios of 8-15. Synthetic hydrogoethite showed a mass loss of about 14% at similar to 280 degreesC, revealing the presence of strongly coordinated water of hydration in the interior of the goethite crystallites. As evident from IR spectra, excess H2O molecules (0.1- 0.22 per formula unit) are located in the strands of channels formed in between the double ribbons of FeO6 octahedra running parallel to the c- axis. Hydrogoethite particles constituted of multicrystallites are formed with Pt as additive, whereas single crystallite particles are obtained with Pd (or Rh). For both dehydroxylation as well as H-2 reduction, a lower reaction temperature (similar to 220 degreesC) was observed for the former (Pt treated) compared to the latter (Pd or Rh) (similar to 260 degreesC). Acicular magnetite (Fe3O4) was prepared either by reducing hydrogoethite (magnetite route) or dehydroxylating hydrogoethite to hematite and then reducing it to magnetite (hematite- magnetite route). According to TEM studies, preferential dehydroxylation of hydrogoethite along < 010 > leads to microporous hematite. Maghemite (gamma -Fe2O3 (-) (delta), 0 < < 0.25) was obtained by reoxidation of magnetite. The micropores are retained during the topotactic transformation to magnetite and finally to maghemite, whereas cylindrical mesopores are formed due to rearrangement of the oxygen sublattice from hexagonal to cubic close packing during the conversion of hydrogoethite to magnetite and then to maghemite. Accordingly, three different types of maghemite particles are realized: strongly oriented multicrystalline particles, single crystalline acicular particles with micropores or crystallites having mesopores. Higher values of saturation magnetization ((s) = 74 emu g(-1)) and coercivity (H-c = 320 Oe) are obtained for single crystalline mesoporous particles. In the other cases, the smaller size of particles and larger distribution of micropores decreases sigma (s) considerably ( < 60 emu g(-1)) due to relaxation effects of spins on the surface atoms as revealed by Mossbauer spectroscopy.

(1S*,3S*,8S*,10S*)-10-Fluoro-15-oxatetracyclo[6.6.1.0(1,10).0( 3,8)]pentadeca-5,12-dien-3-ol

The title compound, C(14)H(17)FO(2), was obtained from anti-4a, 9a:8a,10a-diepoxy-1,4,4a,5,8,8a, 9,9a, 10,10a-decahydroanthracene via tandem hydrogen-fluoride-mediated epoxide ring-opening and transannular oxacyclization. With the two cyclohexene rings folded towards the oxygen bridge, the title tetracyclic fluoroalcohol molecule displays a conformation reminiscent of a pagoda. The crystal packing is effected via intermolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds, which link the molecules into a zigzag chain along the b axis.

Tuning of phonon anharmonicity in pyrochlore titanates: temperature-dependent Raman studies of Sm2Ti2-xZrxO7 (x=0, 1/2, 3/4, and 2)and stuffed spin-ice Ho2+xTi2-xO7-x/2 (x=0, 1/3, and 2/3)

Anomalous temperature dependence of Raman phonon wavenumbers attributed to phononphonon anharmonic interactions has been studied in two different families of pyrochlore titanates. We bring out the role of the ionic size of titanium and the inherent vacancies of pyrochlore in these anomalies by studying the effect of replacement of Ti4?+ by Zr4?+ in Sm2Ti2O7 and by stuffing Ho3?+ in place of Ti4?+ in Ho2Ti2O7 with appropriate oxygen stoichiometry. Our results show that an increase in the concentration of the larger ion, i.e. Zr4?+ or Ho3?+, reduces the phonon anomalies, thus implying a decrease in the phononphonon anharmonic interactions. In addition, we find signatures of coupling between a phonon and crystal field transition in Sm2Ti2O7, manifested as an unusual increase in the phonon intensity with increasing temperature. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Anomalous optical phonons in Cs-0.9(NH4)(0.1)H2AsO4: a temperature-dependent Raman study

We determine the nature of coupled phonons in mixed crystal of Cs-0.9(NH4)(0.1)H2AsO4 using inelastic light scattering studies in the temperature range of 5 K to 300 K covering a spectral range of 60-1100 cm(-1). The phase transition in this system are marked by the splitting of phonon modes, appearance of new modes and anomalies in the frequency as well as linewidth of the phonon modes near transition temperature. In particular, we observed the splitting of symmetric (v(1)) and antisymmetric (v(3)) stretching vibrations associated with AsO4 tetrahedra below transition temperature (T-c(*) similar to 110 K) attributed to the lowering of site symmetry of AsO4 in orthorhombic phase below transition temperature. In addition, the step-up (hardening) and step-down (softening) of the AsO4 bending vibrations (v(4) (S9, S11) and v(2) (S6)) below transition temperature signals the rapid development of long range ferroelectric order and proton ordering. The lowest frequency phonon (S1) mode observed at similar to 92 cm(-1) shows anomalous blue shift (similar to 12 %) from 300 K to 5 K with no sharp transition near T-c(*) unlike other observed phonon modes signaling its potential coupling with the proton tunneling mode. (C) 2013 Author(s).

The effect of multisubstitution on the thermoelectric properties of chalcogenide-based Cu2.1Zn0.9Sn1-xInxSe4 (0 <= x <= 0.1)

Quinary chalcogenide compounds Cu2.1Zn0.9Sn1-xInxSe4 (0 <= x <= 0.1) were prepared by melting (1170K) followed by annealing (773 K) for 172 h. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data accompanied by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and Raman spectra of all the samples confirmed the formation of a tetragonal kesterite structure with Cu2FeSnS4-type. The thermoelectric properties of all the samples were measured as a function of temperature in the range of 300-780K. The electrical resistivity of all the samples exhibits metallic-like behavior. The positive values of the Seebeck coefficient and the Hall coefficient reveal that holes are the majority charge carriers. The codoping of copper and indium leads to a significant increase of the electrical resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient as a function of temperature above 650 K. The thermal conductivity of all the samples decreases with increasing temperature. Lattice thermal conductivity is not significantly modified as the doping content may infer negligible mass fluctuation scattering for copper/zinc and indium/tin substitution. Even though, the power factors (S-2/rho) of indium-doped samples Cu2.1Zn0.9Sn1-xInxSe4 (x = 0.05, 0.075) are almost the same, the maximum zT = 0.45 at 773K was obtained for Cu2.1Zn0.9Sn0.925In0.075Se4 due to its smaller value of thermal conductivity. (C) 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Direct hexagonal transition of amorphous (Ge2Sb2Te5)(0.9)Se-0.1 thin films

Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) is well known for its phase change properties and applications in memory and data storage. Efforts are being made to improve its thermal stability and transition between amorphous and crystalline phases. Various elements are doped to GST to improve these properties. In this work, Se has been doped to GST to study its effect on phase change properties. Amorphous GST film crystallized in to rock salt (NaCl) type structure at 150 degrees C and then transformed to hexagonal structure at 250 degrees C. Interestingly, Se doped GST ((GST)(0.9)Se-0.1) film crystallized directly into hexagonal phase and the intermediate phase of NaCl is not observed. The crystallization temperature (T-c) of (GST)(0.9)Se-0.1 is around 200 degrees C, which is 50 degrees C higher than the T-c of GST. For (GST)(0.9)Se-0.1, the threshold switching occurs at about 4.5V which is higher than GST (3 V). Band gap (E-opt) values of as deposited films are calculated from Tauc plot which are 0.63 eV for GST and 0.66 eV for (GST)(0.9)Se-0.1. The E-opt decreases for the films annealed at higher temperatures. The increased T-c, E-opt, the contrast in resistance and the direct transition to hexagonal phase may improve the data readability and thermal stability in the Se doped GST film. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Evolution of superconductivity in PrFe1-xCoxAsO (x=0.0-1.0)

We report the synthesis and physical property characterization of Prfe(1-x)Co(x)AsO (x=0.0-1.0). The studied samples are synthesized by through the solid state reaction route via the vacuum encapsulation method. The pristine compound PrFeAsO does not show superconductivity, but rather exhibits a metallic step like transition due to spin density wave (SOW) ordering of Fe moments (Fe-SDW) below 150 K, Followed by another upward step due to anomalous ordering of Pr moments (Pr-TN) at 12 K. Both the Fe-SDW and Pr-TN temperatures decrease monotonically with Co substitution at Fe site Superconductivity appears in a narrow range of x from 0.07 to 0.25 with maximum T-c at 11.12 K for x=0.15. Samples with x >= 0.25 exhibit metallic behavior right from 300 K down to 2 K, without any Fe-SDW or Pr-TN steps in resistivity. In fact, though Fe-SDW decreases monotonically, the pr(TN) disappeared even with x=0.02. The magneto transport measurements below 14 Ton superconducting polycrystalline Co doped Pi FeAs0 lead to extrapolated values of the upper critical fields H-c2(0)] of up to 60 T. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigation of dielectric relaxation, Jahn-Teller distortion, and magnetic ordering in Y substituted Pr1-xYxMnO3 (0.1 <= x <= 0.4)

We report structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of the perovskite compound Pr1-xYxMnO3 (0.1 <= x <= 0.4) studied using dc magnetization, ac susceptibility, neutron powder diffraction, and dielectric techniques. These compounds crystallize in orthorhombic space group (Pnma) in the temperature range 5-300 K. The Mn-O-Mn bond angle decreases with the Y substitution along with an increase in the Jahn-Teller distortion. The Jahn-Teller distortion for Pr0.9Y0.1MnO3 shows an anomalous change near 50 K, below which it falls sharply. Neutron powder diffraction patterns of all reported compositions at low temperature constitute additional magnetic Bragg peaks that suggest magnetic ordering. Magnetic reflections were indexed in the nuclear lattice with the propagation vector k = (0, 0, 0). Rietveld refinement of powder patterns conform to A type antiferromagnetic ordering where moments are aligned ferromagnetically in a-c plane and coupled nearly antiferromagnetically along b-axis resulting in a net ferromagnetic component along the b-direction. The antiferromagnetic transition temperature was deduced from dc magnetization and ac susceptibility data. The transition temperature decreases by nearly 22 K (from 81 K to 59 K) as yttrium content (x) increases from 0.1 to 0.4. Measurements reveal strong frequency dispersion in dielectric constant and dielectric loss. Activation energy and relaxation time are estimated from the Arrhenius plot. It is further shown that relaxation behaviour is altered with yttrium doping concentration. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Evidence for phase transitions and pseudospin phonon coupling in K-0.9(NH4)(0.1)H2AsO4

This work reports a detailed temperature dependent Raman study on the mixed crystals of K-0.9(NH4)(0.1)H2AsO4 (KADA) from 5K to 300K in the spectral range of 60-1200cm(-1), covering tetragonal to orthorhombic structural phase transition accompanied by paraelectric to ferroelectric transition at T-c* similar to 60K. Multiple phase transitions below transition temperature (Tc* similar to 60K) are marked by the appearance of new modes, splitting of existing ones as well as anomalies in the self-energy parameters (i.e. mode frequencies and damping coefficient) of the phonon modes. Temperature independent behaviour of damping coefficient and abrupt jump in the mode frequency of some of the internal vibrations of AsO4 tetrahedra as well as external vibrations clearly signal long range ferroelectric ordering and proton ordering below T-c*. In addition, we observed that temperature dependence of many prominent phonon modes diverges significantly from their normal anharmonic behaviour below T-c* suggesting potential coupling between pseudospins and phonons. (C) 2015 Author(s).

Electron Magnetic Resonance Studies of Nanosized Nd0.65Ca0.35 Mn1-xCrxO3 (x=0, 0.06, 0.1) Manganite

We report a systematic investigation of the temperature dependence of electron magnetic resonance (EMR) line width, intensity and resonance field for similar to 25 nm Nd0.65Ca0.35MnO3 (NCMO1), Nd0.65Ca0.35Mn0.94Cr0.06O3 (NCMO2) and Nd0.65Ca0.35Mn0.9Cr0.1O3 (NCMO3) nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method. The EMR line widths for the three nano-samples differ significantly from one another below a temperature T (min) where the line width has a minimum. T (min) was found to be 130, 100 and 120 K for NCMO1, NCMO2 and NCMO3, respectively. Well above T (min) the line width values for the three samples are close to one another. The sharp upturn of EMR line width below T (min) is attributed to the formation of short range, ferromagnetically ordered clusters. Temperature dependence of EMR intensity shows a residual CO transition in NCMO1 and NCMO2 and a complete disappearance of it in NCMO3. The intensity undergoes significant increase below 120, 80 and 100 K for NCMO1, NCMO2 and NCMO3, respectively, indicating the onset of ferromagnetic transitions. The occurrence of ferromagnetic transition is further confirmed by magnetization hysteresis measurements. The decrease in T (C) in NCMO2 and NCMO3 compared to NCMO1 nanoparticles is understood to be due to the destruction of the double-exchange interaction by chromium doping. The resonance field decreases below the ferromagnetic onset temperatures for all the samples as expected. The combined effects of the reduction in size and of chromium doping in Mn site are discussed.