Structure and Conformation of an Antidepressant Drug, Nitroxazepine Hydrochloride Monohydrate

CIsH20N3Oa+.C1-.H2 O, M r = 395, orthorhombic, Pn21a, a = 7.710 (4), b = 11.455 (3), c -- 21.199 (3)/k, Z = 4, V = 1872.4/k 3, D m = 1.38, D C = 1.403 g cm -3, F(000) = 832, g(Cu Kct) = 20.94 cm -l. Intensities for 1641 reflections were measured on a Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer; of these, 1470 were significant. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R index of 0.045 using a blockdiagonal least-squares procedure. The angle between the least-squares planes through the benzene rings is 125.0 (5) ° and the side chain is folded similarly to one of the independent molecules of imipramine hydrochloride.

Structure and conformation of an anti-depressant drug, nitroxazepine hydrochloride monohydrate

CIsH20N3Oa+.C1-.H2 O, M r = 395, orthorhombic, Pn21a, a = 7.710 (4), b = 11.455 (3), c -- 21.199 (3)/k, Z = 4, V = 1872.4/k 3, D m = 1.38, D C = 1.403 g cm -3, F(000) = 832, g(Cu Kct) = 20.94 cm -l. Intensities for 1641 reflections were measured on a Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer; of these, 1470 were significant. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to an R index of 0.045 using a blockdiagonal least-squares procedure. The angle between the least-squares planes through the benzene rings is 125.0 (5) ° and the side chain is folded similarly to one of the independent molecules of imipramine hydrochloride.

Direct estimate of transport length scales in semiconducting polymers

A method for determining the electron/hole transport length scale of model semiconducting polymer systems by scanning a narrow-light probe beam over the nonoverlapping anode/cathode region in asymmetric sandwich device structures is presented (see figure). Electron versus hole collection efficacy, and disorder and spatial anisotropy in the electrical transport parameters can be estimated.

Influence of surface texture and roughness parameters on friction and transfer layer formation during sliding of aluminium pin on steel plate

Surface texture of harder mating surfaces plays an important role during sliding against softer materials and hence the importance of characterizing the surfaces in terms of roughness parameters. In the present investigation, basic studies were conducted using inclined pin-on-plate sliding tester to understand the surface texture effect of hard surfaces on coefficient of friction and transfer layer formation. A tribological couple made of a super purity aluminium pin against steel plate was used in the tests. Two surface parameters of steel plates, namely roughness and texture, were varied in the tests. It was observed that the transfer layer formation and the coefficient of friction along with its two components, namely, the adhesion and plowing, are controlled by the surface texture and are independent of surface roughness (R-a). Among the various surface roughness parameters, the average or the mean slope of the profile was found to explain the variations best. Under lubricated conditions, stick-slip phenomena was observed, the amplitude of which depends on the plowing component of friction. The presence of stick-slip motion under lubricated conditions could be attributed to the molecular deformation of the lubricant component confined between asperities. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

Raman spectrum of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH3OH.Cl)

The Raman spectrum of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH3OH.Cl) in the form of a single crystal has been photographed usingλ 2536·5 excitation. 32 Raman lines with frequency shifts 40, 57, 78, 88, 111, 125, 135, 156, 187, 217, 250, 330, 550, 575, 1004, 1168, 1204, 1470, 1496, 1565, 1590, 1979, 2636, 2710, 2750, 2789, 2926, 2970, 3000, 3050, 3141 and 3220 cm.−1 have been recorded. Of these, the first 8 low-frequency lines belong to the external oscillation, while the four lines at 187, 217, 250 and 330 cm.−1 should be attributed to the vibrations of the hydrogen bond valence vibrations. The remaining Raman lines have been assigned to the vibrations of the NH3OH ion. The O-H and N-H stretching vibrations are very much influenced by the presence of the hydrogen bonds in the crystal.

Electron-hole recombination in cobalt-doped p-type germanium

The recombination properties of cobalt centers in p-type germanium containing cobalt in the concentration range 1014 to 1016 atoms/cm3 have been investigated. The measurement of lifetime has been carried out by steady-state photoconductivity and photo-magneto-electric methods in the temperature range 145 to 300°K. The cross-sections Sno (electron capture cross-section at neutral centers). Sn- (electron capture cross-section at singly negatively charged centers) and their temperature variations have been estimated by the analysis of the lifetime data on the basis of Sah-Shockley's multi-level formula. The value of Sno is (15±5).10-16 cm2 and is temperature independent. The value of Sn- is ≈4·10-16 cm2 around 225°K and it increases with increase of temperature. The possible mechanisms for capture at neutral and repulsive centers are discussed and a summary of the capture cross-sections for cobalt centers is given. A comparison of the cross-section values of cobalt and their temperature variations with those of the related impurities-manganese, iron and nickel-in germanium has been made.

Fe-Cr/Al2O3 metal-ceramic composites: Nature and size of the metal particles formed during hydrogen reduction

Fe-Cr/Al2O3 metal-ceramic composites prepared by hydrogen reduction at different temperatures and for different periods have been investigated by a combined use of Mossbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in order to obtain information on the nature of the metallic species formed. Total reduction of Fe3+ does not occur by increasing the reduction time at 1320 K from 1 to 30 h, and the amount of superparamagnetic metallic species is essentially constant (about 10%). Temperatures higher than 1470 K are needed to achieve nearly total reduction of substitutional Fe3+. Interestingly, iron favors the reduction of chromium. The composition of the Fe-Cr particles is strongly dependent on their size, the Cr content being higher in particles smaller than 10 nm.

Fe–Cr/Al2O3 metal-ceramic composites: Nature and size of the metal particles formed during hydrogen reduction

Fe-Cr/Al2O3 metal-ceramic composites prepared by hydrogen reduction at different temperatures and for different periods have been investigated by a combined use of Mössbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in order to obtain information on the nature of the metallic species formed. Total reduction of Fe3+ does not occur by increasing the reduction time at 1320 K from 1 to 30 h, and the amount of superparamagnetic metallic species is essentially constant (about 10%). Temperatures higher than 1470 K are needed to achieve nearly total reduction of substitutional Fe3+. Interestingly, iron favors the reduction of chromium. The composition of the Fe-Cr particles is strongly dependent on their size, the Cr content being higher in particles smaller than 10 nm.

AC Breakdown Characteristics of Epoxy Nanocomposites

Experiments were conducted to measure the ac breakdown strength of epoxy alumina nanocomposites with different filler loadings of 0.1, 1 and 5 wt%. The experiments were performed as per the ASTM D 149 standard on samples of thickness 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 3 mm in order to study the effect of thickness on the ac breakdown strength of epoxy nanocomposites. In the case of epoxy alumina nanocomposites it was observed that the ac breakdown strength was marginally lower for 0.1 wt% and 1 wt% filler loadings and then increased at 5 wt% filler loading as compared to the unfilled epoxy. The Weibull shape parameter (beta) increased with the addition of nanoparticles to epoxy as well as with the increasing sample thickness for all the filler loadings considered. DSC analysis was done to study the material properties at the filler resin interface in order to understand the effect of the filler loading and thereby the influence of the interface on the ac breakdown strength of epoxy nanocomposites. It was also observed that the decrease in ac electric breakdown strength with an increase in sample thickness follows an inverse power-law dependence. In addition, the ac breakdown strength of epoxy silica nanocomposites have also been studied in order to understand the influence of the filler type on the breakdown strength.

IgG2 subclass isotype antibody and intrauterine infections

The foetus is dependent on its mother for passive immunity involving receptor-mediated specific transport of antibodies. IgG antibody is present in highest concentration in serum and is the only antibody type that can cross the placenta efficiently, except for its IgG2 subclass. Most of the pathogenic manifestations affecting the foetus involve capsular antigens and polysaccharides of pathogens and it is known that immune response to these antigens is primed to the predominant production of IgG2 type of antibody. Paradoxically, the IgG2 subclass cannot cross the placenta and neutralize such antigens; therefore, infections related to these antigens may persist and can lead to serious conditions like miscarriage and stillbirth. This article describes in brief the properties of IgG subclasses, intrauterine infections seen during pregnancy and discusses possible IgG-based strategies to manage infections to afford protection to the foetus.

Theoretical-experimental study of shock wave-assisted metal forming process using a diaphragmless shock tube

The use of high-velocity sheet-forming techniques where the strain rates are in excess of 10(2)/s can help us solve many problems that are difficult to overcome with traditional metal-forming techniques. In this investigation, thin metallic plates/foils were subjected to shock wave loading in the newly developed diaphragmless shock tube. The conventional shock tube used in the aerodynamic applications uses a metal diaphragm for generating shock waves. This method of operation has its own disadvantages including the problems associated with repeatable and reliable generation of shock waves. Moreover, in industrial scenario, changing metal diaphragms after every shot is not desirable. Hence, a diaphragmless shock tube is calibrated and used in this study. Shock Mach numbers up to 3 can be generated with a high degree of repeatability (+/- 4 per cent) for the pressure jumps across the primary shock wave. The shock Mach number scatter is within +/- 1.5 per cent. Copper, brass, and aluminium plates of diameter 60 mm and thickness varying from 0.1 to 1 mm are used. The plate peak over-pressures ranging from 1 to 10 bar are used. The midpoint deflection, circumferential, radial, and thickness strains are measured and using these, the Von Mises strain is also calculated. The experimental results are compared with the numerical values obtained using finite element analysis. The experimental results match well with the numerical values. The plastic hinge effect was also observed in the finite element simulations. Analysis of the failed specimens shows that aluminium plates had mode I failure, whereas copper plates had mode II failure.

Structural, electrical and dielectric properties of sputtered TiO2 films for Al/TiO2/Si capacitors

Metal-oxide semiconductor capacitors based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) gate dielectrics were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The deposited films were post-annealed at temperatures in the range 773-1173 K in air for 1 hour. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural properties of TiO2 films was investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, the surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the electrical properties of Al/TiO2/p-Si structure were measured recording capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics. The as-deposited films and the films annealed at temperatures lower than 773 K formed in the anatase phase, while those annealed at temperatures higher than 973 K were made of mixtures of the rutile and anatase phases. FTIR analysis revealed that, in the case of films annealed at 1173 K, an interfacial layer had formed, thereby reducing the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant of the as-deposited films was 14 and increased from 25 to 50 with increases in the annealing temperature from 773 to 973 K. The leakage current density of as-deposited films was 1.7 x 10(-5) and decreased from 4.7 X 10(-6) to 3.5 x 10(-9) A/cm(2) with increases in the annealing temperature from 773 to 1173 K. The electrical conduction in the Al/TiO2/p-Si structures was studied on the basis of the plots of Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling. The effect of structural changes on the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of Al/TiO2/p-Si capacitors was also discussed.

A cis-Regulatory Mutation in Troponin-I of Drosophila Reveals the Importance of Proper Stoichiometry of Structural Proteins During Muscle Assembly

Rapid and high wing-beat frequencies achieved during insect flight are powered by the indirect flight muscles, the largest group of muscles present in the thorax. Any anomaly during the assembly and/or structural impairment of the indirect flight muscles gives rise to a flightless phenotype. Multiple mutagenesis screens in Drosophila melanogaster for defective flight behavior have led to the isolation and characterization of mutations that have been instrumental in the identification of many proteins and residues that are important for muscle assembly, function, and disease. In this article, we present a molecular-genetic characterization of a flightless mutation, flightless-H (fliH), originally designated as heldup-a (hdp-a). We show that fliH is a cis-regulatory mutation of the wings up A (wupA) gene, which codes for the troponin-I protein, one of the troponin complex proteins, involved in regulation of muscle contraction. The mutation leads to reduced levels of troponin-I transcript and protein. In addition to this, there is also coordinated reduction in transcript and protein levels of other structural protein isoforms that are part of the troponin complex. The altered transcript and protein stoichiometry ultimately culminates in unregulated acto-myosin interactions and a hypercontraction muscle phenotype. Our results shed new insights into the importance of maintaining the stoichiometry of structural proteins during muscle assembly for proper function with implications for the identification of mutations and disease phenotypes in other species, including humans.

Exploring Technology Evolution Using Patent Classification: A Case of Cochlear Implant Technology Patents

Understanding technology evolution through periodic landscaping is an important stage of strategic planning in R&D Management. In fields like that of healthcare, where the initial R&D investment is huge and good medical product serve patients better, these activities become crucial. Approximately five percentage of the world population has hearing disabilities. Current hearing aid products meet less than ten percent of the global needs. Patent data and classifications on cochlear implants from 1977-2010, show the landscapes and evolution in the area of such implant. We attempt to highlight emergence and disappearance of patent classes over period of time showing variations in cochlear implant technologies. A network analysis technique is used to explore and capture technology evolution in patent classes showing what emerged or disappeared over time. Dominant classes are identified. The sporadic influence of university research in cochlear implants is also discussed.