Vector summed sine wave tailored waveforms for dipolar excitation of ions in Paul trap mass spectrometers

A simple method to generate time domain tailored waveforms for excitation of ion axial amplitude in Paul trap mass spectrometers is described. The method is based on vector summation of sine waves followed by time domain sampling to obtain the discrete time domain data. A smoothing technique based on the time domain Kaiser window is then applied to the data so as to minimize the frequency domain Gibb's oscillations. The dynamic range of the time domain signal is controlled by phase modulation and time extension of the time domain waveform. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

History of Computing in India: 1955-2010

The history of computing in India is inextricably intertwined with two interacting forces: the political climate determined by the political party in power) and the government policies mainly driven by the technocrats and bureaucrats who acted within the boundaries drawn by the political party in power. There were four break points (which occurred in 1970, 1978, 1991 and 1998) that changed the direction of the development of computers and their applications. This article explains why these breaks occurred and how they affected the history of computing in India.