Structural Behavior of Story-High Cement-Stabilized Rammed-Earth Walls under Compression

A rammed-earth wall is a monolithic construction made by compacting processed soil in progressive layers in a rigid formwork. There is a growing interest in using this low-embodied-carbon building material in buildings. The paper investigates the strength and structural behavior of story-high cement-stabilized rammed-earth (CSRE) walls, reviews literature on the strength of CSRE, and discusses results of the compressive strength of CSRE prisms, wallettes, and story-high walls. The strength of the story-high wall was compared with the strength of wallettes and prisms. There is a nearly 30% reduction in strength as the height-to-thickness ratio increases from about 5 to 20. The ultimate compressive strength of CSRE walls predicted using the tangent modulus theory is in close agreement with the experimental values. The shear failures noticed in the story-high walls resemble the shear failures of short-height prism and wallette specimens. The paper ends with a discussion of structural design and characteristic compressive strength of CSRE walls. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000155. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Consolidation behavior of clayey soils under radial drainage

For Barren's degree of consolidation, U-r, versus the time factor, T-r, relationship for soils undergoing consolidation with radial drainage for the equal vertical strain condition, a simple method has been developed to determine the value of the coefficient of consolidation with radial drainage c(r). Theoretical log(10)(d(e)(2)/t) versus U-r curves where d(e) is the diameter of influence and r is the real time for the different known value of c(r) have been generated. A method has been developed wherein both the theoretical and experimental behaviors of soils undergoing consolidation with radial drainage can be simultaneously compared and studied on the same plot. The experimental log(10)(d(e)(2)/t) versus U-r curves have been compared with the theoretical curves. Effects of initial compression, secondary compression, and duration of load increment are studied. Simple procedures are presented for calculating the values of c(r) using the experimental log(10)(d(e)(2)/t) versus U-r curves. A comparative study of the coefficient of consolidation and the coefficient of permeability between the cases of vertical and radial drainage has been done.

Materials processing under microgravity conditions using drop tubes

Drop tube provides a low-cost alternative to study the influence of microgravity in materials processing. In the present paper, the current status of the drop tubes and associated experiments on materials processing are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the advantages and limitations of these studies. It is pointed out that despite size limitation, large opportunities exist to study the fundamental aspects of the influence of gravity in materials processing.

Hierarchies of circuit classes that are closed under complement

We examine three hierarchies of circuit classes and show they are closed under complementation. (1) The class of languages recognized by a family of polynomial size skew circuits with width O(w), are closed under complement. (2) The class of languages recognized by family of polynomial size circuits with width O(w) and polynomial tree-size, are closed under complement. (3) The class of languages recognized by a family of polynomial size, O(log(n)) depth, bounded AND fan-in with OR fan-in f (f⩾log(n)) circuits are closed under complement. These improve upon the results of (i) Immerman (1988) and Szelepcsenyi (1988), who show that 𝒩L𝒪𝒢 is closed under complementation, and (ii) Borodin et al. (1989), who show that L𝒪𝒢𝒞ℱL is closed under complement

Role of elasto-plastic analysis under cyclic loading in fatigue crack growth studies

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) has been widely used in the past for fatigue crack growth studies, but this is acceptable only in situations which are within small scale yielding (SSY). In many practical structural components, conditions of SSY could be violated and one has to look for fracture criteria based on elasto-plastic analysis. Crack closure phenomenon, one of the most striking discoveries based on inelastic deformations during crack growth, has significant effect on fatigue crack growth rate. Numerical simulation of this phenomenon is computationally intensive and involved but has been successfully implemented. Stress intensity factors and strain energy release rates lose their meaning, J-integral (or its incremental) values are applicable only in specific situations, whereas alternate path independent integrals have been proposed in the literature for use with elasto-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM) based criteria. This paper presents certain salient features of two independent finite element (numerical) studies of relevance to fatigue crack growth, where elasto-plastic analysis becomes significant. These problems can only be handled in the current day computational environment, and would have been only a dream just a few years ago.

Fatigue crack growth under an eqivalent falstaff spectrum

Optical fractography was used to estimate growth of small cracks at notches under programmed FALSTAFF loading in an Al-Cu alloy. Crack sizes as low as 25 microns and growth rates over two orders of magnitude could be resolved using this technique. Randomized MiniFALSTAFF load sequence was modified into a programmed load equivalent with major loads either preceding or following marker loads. Crack growth rate under programmed FALSTAFF spectrum as estimated by optical fractography conformed to compliance based estimates on a SE(T) specimen. Long crack growth rates under programmed and randomized MiniFALSTAFF spectrum were essentially similar. Spectrum load fatigue crack growth was studied in central hole coupons under notch inelastic conditions. Scatter in growth rates for small notch cracks was found to be of the same magnitude as that of long cracks. Multiple fatigue cracks are observed at the notch root, and they appear to influence each other.

Maintaining dynamic sequences under equality tests in polylogarithmic time

We present a randomized and a deterministic data structure for maintaining a dynamic family of sequences under equality tests of pairs of sequences and creations of new sequences by joining or splitting existing sequences. Both data structures support equality tests in O(1) time. The randomized version supports new sequence creations in O(log(2) n) expected time where n is the length of the sequence created. The deterministic solution supports sequence creations in O(log n (log m log* m + log n)) time for the mth operation.

Stereospecific and regioselective catalytic epoxidation of alkenes by a novel ruthenium(II) complex under aerobic conditions

Epoxidation of alkenes by molecular oxygen is effected in high yields by catalysis of RuCl2(biox)(2) using isobutyraldehyde as the co-reductant: the reaction is stereospecific and regioselective.

Numerical simulations of fracture initiation in ductile solids under mode I, dynamic loading

In this paper, an overview of some recent computational studies by the authors on ductile crack initiation under mode I, dynamic loading is presented. In these studies, a large deformation finite element procedure is employed along with the viscoplastic version of the Gurson constitutive model that accounts for the micro-mechanical processes of void nucleation, growth and coalescence. A three-point bend fracture specimen subjected to impact, and a single edge notched specimen loaded by a tensile stress pulse are analysed. Several loading rates are simulated by varying the impact speed or the rise time and magnitude of the stress pulse. A simple model involving a semi-circular notch with a pre-nucleated circular hole situated ahead of it is considered. The growth of the hole and its interaction with the notch tip, which leads to plastic strain and porosity localization in the ligament connecting them, is simulated. The role of strain-rate dependence on ductile crack initiation at high loading rates, and the specimen geometry effect on the variation of dynamic fracture toughness with loading rate are Investigated.

Structural instability of the charge ordered compound Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 under a magnetic field

We report an anomalous magnetostriction behavior of the charge ordered compound Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3. We have found that the applied magnetic field not only gives rise to a large negative magnetoresistance but also produces a huge positive magnetovolume effect. This unusual effect is explained considering that the applied magnetic field induces a structural transition at which the volume drastically increases. This effect is also seen in the anisotropic magnetostriction which shows clear anomalies at the field induced transition.

Algal Photosynthetic Dynamics in Urban Lakes under Stress Conditions

Urban lakes form vital ecosystems supporting livelihood with social, economic and aesthetic benefits that are essential for quality life. This depends on the biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. The structure of an ecosystem forms a decisive factor in sustaining its functional abilities which include nutrient cycling, oxygen production, etc. A community assemblage of primary producers (algae) plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance as they form the base of energy pyramid in the ecosystem. Algae assimilate carbon in the environment via photosynthetic activities and releases oxygen for the next level of biotic elements in an ecosystem. Besides these, algal cells rich in protein serve as food and feed, used as manure and for production of biofuels. Understanding algal photosynthetic dynamics helps in assessing the level of dissolved oxygen (DO), food (fish, etc.), waste assimilation, etc. Algal chlorophyll content, algal biomass, primary productivity and algal photosynthetic quotient are some of the parameters that help in assessing the status of urban lakes. Chlorophyll content gives a measure of the growth, spread and quantity of algae. Unplanned rapid urbanization in Bangalore in recent times has resulted in either disappearance of lake ecosystems or deteriorated the lake water quality impairing the ecological processes. This paper computes algal growth, community structure, primary productivity and composition for three major lakes (T G Halli, Bellandur and Varthur lakes) under contrast levels of anthropogenic influences.

The prop-2-ynyloxy carbonyl function (POC): A new amino-protecting group removable from sulfur-containing peptides by ultrasonic irradiation with tetrathiomolybdate under mild and neutral conditions

The prop-2-ynyloxy carbonyl function (POC) which can be cleaved under mild and neutral conditions in the presence of benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate has been developed as a new protecting group for amines. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

GNSS Signal Detection Under Noise Uncertainty

High sensitivity detection techniques are required for indoor navigation using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, and typically, a combination of coherent and non- coherent integration is used as the test statistic for detection. The coherent integration exploits the deterministic part of the signal and is limited due to the residual frequency error, navigation data bits and user dynamics, which are not known apriori. So, non- coherent integration, which involves squaring of the coherent integration output, is used to improve the detection sensitivity. Due to this squaring, it is robust against the artifacts introduced due to data bits and/or frequency error. However, it is susceptible to uncertainty in the noise variance, and this can lead to fundamental sensitivity limits in detecting weak signals. In this work, the performance of the conventional non-coherent integration-based GNSS signal detection is studied in the presence of noise uncertainty. It is shown that the performance of the current state of the art GNSS receivers is close to the theoretical SNR limit for reliable detection at moderate levels of noise uncertainty. Alternate robust post-coherent detectors are also analyzed, and are shown to alleviate the noise uncertainty problem. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to confirm the theoretical predictions.

Constraint loss under dynamic loading in rate independent plastic solids

The objectives of this paper are to examine the loss of crack tip constraint in dynamically loaded fracture specimens and to assess whether it can lead to enhancement in the fracture toughness at high loading rates which has been observed in several experimental studies. To this end, 2-D plane strain finite element analyses of single edge notched (tension) specimen and three point bend specimen subjected to time varying loads are performed. The material is assumed to obey the small strain J(2) flow theory of plasticity with rate independent behaviour. The results demonstrate that a valid J-Q field exists under dynamic loading irrespective of the crack length and specimen geometry. Further, the constraint parameter Q becomes strongly negative at high loading rates, particularly in deeply cracked specimens. The variation of dynamic fracture toughness K-dc with stress intensity rate K for cleavage cracking is predicted using a simple critical stress criterion. It is found that inertia-driven constraint loss can substantially enhance K-dc for (K) over dot > 10(5) MPa rootm/s.