Preparation, structure, and properties of strontium-doped lanthanum chromites: La1−xSrxCrO3

Strontium-doped lanthanum chromites, La1−xSrxCrO3, have been synthesised to investigate the effect of strontium doping on the stability and physico-chemical characteristics of the perovskite LaCrO3. Both microscopic and X-ray examinations show that the materials exist as single phase perovskite structure for all compositions up to 50 mole% strontium substitution. The materials have been further characterized by infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. These materials show a good sinterability even in air at 1773 K. Electrical conductivity of thse perovskites has been measured as a function of temperature. Electrical conductivity has been found to be a maximum at x=0.2. The observed electrical and magnetic properties are consistent with activated polaron transport as the mechanism for electrical conduction in these materials.

Preparation and characterization of multiwall carbon nanotube/polypyrrole coaxial fibrils

Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/polypyrrole (PPy) fibrils were fabricated by template-free in situ electrochemical deposition of PPy over MWNTs, and characterized by electron microscopy and electrical measurements. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that PPy coating on the surface of nanotube is quite uniform throughout the length, with the possibility of forming unique Y-junctions. Current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics at various temperatures show nonlinearity due to tunneling and hopping contributions to transport across the barriers. AC conductivity measurements (300-4.2 K) show that the onset frequency scales with temperature, and the nanoscale connectivity in MWNT/PPy fibrils decreases with the lowering of temperature. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Preparation and Characterization of Single-Phase Beta-Sialon

A simple method for the preparation of monophasic beta-SiAlON using nitridation of Si and AIN with an oxygen partial pressure of 10(-4) atm is described. The effect of the AlN/Si ratio in the initial mixture on the formation of beta-SiAlON is discussed. The likely mechanism of the formation of beta-SiAlON is outlined.

Preparation and dielectric properties of zinc and cadmium doped barium tantalates, Ba3Zn1?xCdxTa2O9

Members of the Ba2Zn1-xCdxTa2O9 (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 1) series have been synthesized by solid state reactions at 1473K. Powder x-ray diffraction studies show a cubic perovskite cell with a similar to 4.1 Angstrom which increases with increase in x. Electron diffraction studies show the presence of hexagonal ordered perovskite structure in addition to the cubic structure seen by x-rays, the x = 0.5 composition showing more ordered crystallites. These samples show high dielectric constants with a maximum (epsilon(r) = 30 at 1 kHz) for the x = 0.5 member. The dielectric loss increases with increase in x at all the frequencies under study.

Microwave assisted preparation and sintering of Al2O3, ZrO2 and their composites from metalorganics

Controlled pyrolysis of Al(OBus)(3), Zr(OPrn)(4) and their mixtures in ethyl acetate induced using microwaves of 2.45 GHz frequency has been carried out. Microwave irradiation yields second-stage precursors for the preparation of respective oxides and their composites. It is observed that the microwave irradiation has a directive influence on the morphology of the ultimate oxide products. Al2O3, ZrO2 and the two composites 90% Al2O3-10% ZrO2 and 90% ZrO2-10% Al2O3 are also found to be sintered to very high densities within 35 min of microwave irradiation by the use of beta-SiC as a secondary susceptor.

Preparation and characterization of Cd(0.75)PS(3)A(0.5)(H2O)(y) [A = Na, K and Cs]

Cd(0.75)PS(3)A(0.5)(H2O)(y) [A = Na, K and Cs], synthesized by the ion-exchange intercalation reaction of the insulating layered CdPS3, exhibits interesting electrical properties. The electrical properties are strongly dependent on the extent of hydration of the alkali ion which resides in the interlamellar space. In the potassium and caesium ion-exchanged compounds, y = I, the lattice expansion is similar to 3 Angstrom and the electric response characteristic of a dielectric. In the as prepared A = Na compound, y = 2, the lattice expansion is 5.6 Angstrom, the compound is conducting with a DC conductance of 3 x 10(-5) S cm(-1) at 300 K. Cd0.75PS3Na0.5(H2O)(y), y = 2, on evacuation or on heating looses water, reversibly, to form a y = 1 phase with electrical properties similar to that of the K and Cs ion exchange intercalation compounds.

Preparation of the layered double hydroxide (LDH) LiAl2(OH)(7)center dot 2H(2)O, by gel to crystallite conversion and a hydrothermal method, and its conversion to lithium aluminates

A layered double hydroxide (LDH) with chemical composition LiAl2(OH)(7) . 2H(2)O was prepared via a wet chemical route of gel to crystallite (G-C) conversion at 80 degrees C involving the reaction of hydrated alumina gel, Al2O3.yH(2)O (80 < y < 120) with LiOH (Li2O/Al2O3 greater than or equal to 0.5) in presence of hydrophilic solvents such as ethanol under refluxing conditions. The hydrothermal synthesis was carried out using the same reactants by heating to less than or equal to 140 degrees C in a Teflon-lined autoclave under autogenerated pressure (less than or equal to 20 MPa). Transmission electron microscopy showed needle-shaped aggregates of size 0.04-0.1 mu m for the gel to crystallite conversion product, whereas the hydrothermal products consisted of individual lamellar crystallites of size 0.2-0.5 mu m with hexagonal morphology. The LDH prepared through the gel to crystallite conversion could be converted into LiAl(OH)(4) . H2O or LiAl(OH)(3)NO3 . H2O by imbibition of LiOH or LiNO3, respectively, under hydrothermal conditions. Thermal decomposition of LDH above 1400 degrees C gave rise to LiAl5O8 accompanied by the evaporation of Li2O. LiAl(OH)(4) . H2O and LiAl(OH)(3)NO3 . H2O decomposed in the temperature range 400-1000 degrees C to alpha- or beta-LiAlO2. The compositional dependence of the product, the intermediate phases formed during the heat treatment and the possible reactions involved are described in detail.

Microwave preparation of oxide bronzes

Several vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum oxide bronzes have been prepared using microwave irradiation. Metal oxides and alkali metal iodides were used as starting materials, Intermittent grinding and inert atmosphere were found to be necessary for the synthesis of most of the bronzes, The reaction temperatures are remarkably lower than those employed for conventional synthetic techniques and the microwave assisted reactions proceed at extremely fast rates. The microwave synthesized bronzes consist of particles having long, rectangular rod-like morphology. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline powders of bismuth vanadate

The influence of mechanical activation on the formation of Bi2VO5.5 bismuth vanadate (BiV) phase, was investigated by ball-milling a stoichiometric mixture of bismuth oxide and vanadium pentoxide. The structural evolution of the desired BN phase, via an intermediate BiVO4,phase, was investigated using X-ray powder diffraction; (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Milling for 54h. yielded monophasic gamma-BiV powders with an average crystallite size of 30 nm. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) peaks associated with the V4+ ions are stronger and broader in nanocrystalline (n) BN than in the conventionally prepared microcrystalline (m) BN, suggesting theta significant portion of V5+ has been transformed to V4+ during milling. The optical bandgap of n-BiV was found to be higher than that of m-BiV. High density (97% of the theoretical density), fine-grained (average grain-size of 2 tun) ceramics with uniform grain-size distribution could be fabricated using n-BiV powders. These fine-grained ceramics exhibit improved dielectric, pyre and ferroelectric properties. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Preparation of transparent conductive oxide films by activated reactive evaporation

Indium-tin oxide films have been deposited by reactive electron beam evaporation of ln+Sn alloy both in neutral and ionized oxygen environments. A low-energy ion source (fabricated in-house) has been used. Films deposited with neutral oxygen exhibited very low optical transmittance (5% at 550 nm). Highly transparent (85%) and low-resistivity (5 X 10(-4) Omega cm) films have been deposited in ionized oxygen at ambient substrate temperature. Optical and electrical properties of the films have been studied as a function of deposition parameters. (C) 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Preparation of β-SiAION from silica-alumina gel

Amorphous aluminosilicate gel powders have been subjected to carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction at high temperature (1673 K). The influence of Al2O3 content in the gel powder on the nature and structure of the product phases has been examined. Between 5% and 9% Al2O3 in the gel powder, it is found that only β-SiAION is formed as the product of CTR/N reaction.

Microwave preparation and sintering of industrially important perovskite oxides: LaMO3 (M = Cr, Co, Ni)

Perovskite oxides LaMO3 (M = Cr, Co, Ni), have been successfully prepared using microwaves of 2.45 GHz. Microwave preparation is rapid, clean and energy efficient. Preparation of LaCrO3, LaCoO3 and LaNiO3 has been achieved in 3 min, 5 min and 10 min respectively. Direct reaction between component oxides is used for the preparation of LaCrO3 and LaCoO3, whereas nitrates are used as starting materials for LaNiO3 preparation. Products have been characterized using XRD, IR spectroscopy and SEM. Their dc electrical conductivity has also been studied and their fracture behaviour has been examined. All three microwave prepared oxide powders are of submicron size. These perovskite oxides have been sintered to very high densities using microwaves. Possible mechanisms of the microwave-material interaction both during preparation and during sintering have been discussed.

Trans -> Cis isomerization of trans-[(dPPM)(2)Ru(H)(L)][BF4] (L = P(OR)(3)) Complexes: Preparation of cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru(eta(2)-H-2)(L)][BF4](2)

A series of new dicationic dihydrogen complexes of ruthenium of the type cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru(eta(2)-H-2)(L)][BF4](2) (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2; L = P(OMe)(3), P(OEt)(3), PF((OPr)-Pr-i)(2)) have been prepared by protonating the precursor hydride complexes cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru(H)(L)][BF4] (L = P(OMe)(3), P(OEt)(3), P((OPr)-Pr-i)(3)) using HBF4.Et2O. The cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru(H)(L)][BF4] complexes were obtained from the trans hydrides via an isomerization reaction that is acid-accelerated. This isomerization reaction gives mixtures of cis and trans hydride complexes, the ratios of which depend on the cone angles of the phosphite ligands: the greater the cone angle, the greater is the amount of the cis isomer. The eta(2)-H-2 ligand in the dihydrogen complexes is labile, and the loss of H-2 was found to be reversible. The protonation reactions of the starting hydrides with trans PMe3 or PMe2Ph yield mixtures of the cis and the trans hydride complexes; further addition of the acid, however, give trans-[(dPPM)(2)Ru(BF4)Cl]. The roles of the bite angles of the dppm ligand as well as the steric and the electronic properties of the monodentate phosphorus ligands in this series of complexes are discussed. X-ray crystal structures of trans-[(dppm)(2)Ru(H)(P(OMe)(3))][BF4], cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru-(H)(P(OMe)(3))][BF4], and cis-[(dppm)(2)Ru(H)(P((OPr)-Pr-i)(3))][BF4] complexes have been determined.

Preparation of a ZrO2–Al2O3 nanocomposite by high-pressure sintering of spray-pyrolyzed powders

ZrO2–Al2O3 powders were synthesized by spray pyrolysis. These powders were sintered at 1 GPa in the temperature range of 700–1100 °C. The microstructural evolution and densification are reported in this paper. The application of 1 Gpa pressure lowers the crystallization temperature from ∼850 to <700 °C. Similarly, the transformation temperature under 1 GPa pressure for γ → α–Al2O3 reduces from ∼1100 to 700–800 °C range, and that for t → m ZrO2 reduces from ∼1050 to 700–800 °C range. It was possible to obtain highly dense nanocrystalline ZrO2–Al2O3 composite at temperatures as low as 700 °C. The effect of high pressure on nucleation and transformation of phases is discussed.