A current error space vector based hysteresis controller with constant switching frequency and simple online boundary computation for VSI fed IM drive

This paper proposes a simple current error space vector based hysteresis controller for two-level inverter fed Induction Motor (IM) drives. This proposed hysteresis controller retains all advantages of conventional current error space vector based hysteresis controllers like fast dynamic response, simple to implement, adjacent voltage vector switching etc. The additional advantage of this proposed hysteresis controller is that it gives a phase voltage frequency spectrum exactly similar to that of a constant switching frequency space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) inverter. In this proposed hysteresis controller the boundary is computed online using estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes thus completely eliminating look up tables used for obtaining parabolic hysteresis boundary proposed in. The estimation of stator voltage is carried out using current errors along alpha and beta axes and steady state model of induction motor. The proposed scheme is simple and capable of taking inverter upto six step mode operation, if demanded by drive system. The proposed hysteresis controller based inverter fed drive scheme is simulated extensively using SIMULINK toolbox of MATLAB for steady state and transient performance. The experimental verification for steady state performance of the proposed scheme is carried out on a 3.7kW IM.

Dodecagonal space vector diagram using cascaded H-Bridge inverters

This paper proposes the development of dodecagonal (12-sided) space vector diagrams from cascaded H-Bridge inverters. As already reported in literatures, dodecagonal space vector diagrams have many advantages over conventional hexagonal ones. Some of them include the absence of 6n±1, (n=odd) harmonics from the phase voltage, and the extension of the linear modulation range. In this paper, a new power circuit is proposed for generating multiple dodecagons in the space vector plane. It consists of two cascaded H-Bridge cells fed from asymmetric dc voltage sources. It is shown that, with proper PWM timing calculation and placement of active and zero vectors, a very high quality of sine-wave can be produced. At the same time, the switching frequency of individual cells can be reduced substantially. Detailed PWM analysis, one design example and an elaborate simulation study is presented to support the proposed idea.

Single real-symbol decodable, high-rate, distributed space-time block codes

A scheme to apply the rate-1 real orthogonal designs (RODs) in relay networks with single real-symbol decodability of the symbols at the destination for any arbitrary number of relays is proposed. In the case where the relays do not have any information about the channel gains from the source to themselves, the best known distributed space time block codes (DSTBCs) for k relays with single real-symbol decodability offer an overall rate of complex symbols per channel use. The scheme proposed in this paper offers an overall rate of 2/2+k complex symbol per channel use, which is independent of the number of relays. Furthermore, in the scenario where the relays have partial channel information in the form of channel phase knowledge, the best known DSTBCs with single real-symbol decodability offer an overall rate of 1/3 complex symbols per channel use. In this paper, making use of RODs, a scheme which achieves the same overall rate of 1/3 complex symbols per channel use but with a decoding delay that is 50 percent of that of the best known DSTBCs, is presented. Simulation results of the symbol error rate performance for 10 relays, which show the superiority of the proposed scheme over the best known DSTBC for 10 relays with single real-symbol decodability, are provided.

Noise and outlier removal from jet engine health signals using weighted FIR median hybrid filters

The removal of noise and outliers from measurement signals is a major problem in jet engine health monitoring. Topical measurement signals found in most jet engines include low rotor speed, high rotor speed. fuel flow and exhaust gas temperature. Deviations in these measurements from a baseline 'good' engine are often called measurement deltas and the health signals used for fault detection, isolation, trending and data mining. Linear filters such as the FIR moving average filter and IIR exponential average filter are used in the industry to remove noise and outliers from the jet engine measurement deltas. However, the use of linear filters can lead to loss of critical features in the signal that can contain information about maintenance and repair events that could be used by fault isolation algorithms to determine engine condition or by data mining algorithms to learn valuable patterns in the data, Non-linear filters such as the median and weighted median hybrid filters offer the opportunity to remove noise and gross outliers from signals while preserving features. In this study. a comparison of traditional linear filters popular in the jet engine industry is made with the median filter and the subfilter weighted FIR median hybrid (SWFMH) filter. Results using simulated data with implanted faults shows that the SWFMH filter results in a noise reduction of over 60 per cent compared to only 20 per cent for FIR filters and 30 per cent for IIR filters. Preprocessing jet engine health signals using the SWFMH filter would greatly improve the accuracy of diagnostic systems. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

The absolute orientation of a molecule in space: Extension of the 'CIP' system

A scheme for denoting the absolute spatial orientation of molecules and molecular fragments is presented; this is based on three angular deviations - one for each spatial dimension - with respect to a reference orientation, which is itself defined with the help of certain features of the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog stereochemical notation. The new scheme helps in reconstructing the three-dimensional characteristics of molecules from purely verbal descriptors, and may thus find application in various information storage and retrieval processes (e.,-. encrypting holograms, etc.).

A layered chlorophosphate, Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)], containing Na+ ions in the interlamellar space

Reaction between CdCl2.H2O and NaH2PO4.H2O Under hydrothermal conditions gives rise to a new cadmium chlorophosphate of the formula Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)] I. This material crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Fmm2(no. 42). I has macroanionic layers of [Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)](3-) with Na+ ions in the interlamellar space. The discovery of such compounds suggests that metathetic reactions carried out under hydrothermal conditions may provide a novel route for the synthesis of new open-framework structures.

Probing the Allosteric Mechanism in Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase Using Energy-Weighted Network Formalism

Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PyIRS) is an atypical enzyme responsible for charging tRNA(Pyl) with pyrrolysine, despite lacking precise tRNA anticodon recognition. This dimeric protein exhibits allosteric regulation of function, like any other tRNA synthetases. In this study we examine the paths of allosteric communication at the atomic level, through energy-weighted networks of Desulfitobacterium hafniense PyIRS (DhPyIRS) and its complexes with tRNA(Pyl) and activated pyrrolysine. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the structures of these complexes to obtain an ensemble conformation-population perspective. Weighted graph parameters relevant to identifying key players and ties in the context of social networks such as edge/node betweenness, closeness index, and the concept of funneling are explored in identifying key residues and interactions leading to shortest paths of communication in the structure networks of DhPylRS. Further, the changes in the status of important residues and connections and the costs of communication due to ligand induced perturbations are evaluated. The optimal, suboptimal, and preexisting paths are also investigated. Many of these parameters have exhibited an enhanced asymmetry between the two subunits of the dimeric protein, especially in the pretransfer complex, leading us to conclude that encoding of function goes beyond the sequence/structure of proteins. The local and global perturbations mediated by appropriate ligands and their influence on the equilibrium ensemble of conformations also have a significant role to play in the functioning of proteins. Taking a comprehensive view of these observations, we propose that the origin of many functional aspects (allostery rand half-sites reactivity in the case of DhPyIRS) lies in subtle rearrangements of interactions and dynamics at a global level.

Carrier density-dependent transport in poly(3-methylthiophene): from injection-limited to space-charge-limited current

Current-voltage (I-V) and impedance measurements were carried out in doped poly(3-methylthiophene) devices by varying the carrier density. As the carrier concentration reduces the I-V characteristics indicate that the conduction mechanism is limited by metal-polymer interface, as also observed in impedance data. The temperature dependence of I-V in moderately doped samples shows a trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC); whereas in lightly doped devices injection-limited conduction is observed at lower bias and SCLC at higher voltages. The carrier density-dependent quasi-Fermi level adjustment and trap-limited transport could explain this variation in conduction mechanism. Capacitance measurements at lower frequencies and higher bias voltages show a sign change in values due to the significant variations in the relaxation behaviour for lightly and moderately doped samples. The electrical hysteresis increases as carrier density is reduced due to the time scales involved in the de-trapping of carriers.

An asymmetric cascaded H-Bridge inverters for generating 12-sided polygonal space vector diagrams for Motor drives

A new topology of asymmetric cascaded H-Bridge inverter is presented in this paper It consists of two cascaded H-bridge cells per phase. They are fed from isolated dc sources having a dc bus ratio of 1:0.366. Out of many space vectors possible from this circuit, only those are chosen that lie on 12-sided polygons. Thus, the overall space vector diagram produced by this circuit consists of multiple numbers of 12-sided polygons. With a proper PWM timing calculations based on these selected space vectors, it is possible to eliminate all the 6n +/- 1, (n = odd) harmonics from the phase voltage under all operating conditions. The switching frequency of individual H-Bridge cells is also substantially low. Extensive experimental results have been presented in this paper to validate the proposed concept.

Geomagnetic Storms Over India: A Close Look at Historic Space Weather at Mumbai

The swirling colors of aurorae, familiar to many in polar communities, can occasionally be seen at middle latitudes in locations such as southern Canada and central Europe. But in rare instances, aurorae can even be seen in the tropics. On 6 February 1872, news of the sighting of one such aurora was carried by the Times of India newspaper. The aurora occurred on 4 February 1872 and, as noted, was also observed over the Middle East.