Use of the liquid-liquid interface for generating ultrathin nanocrystalline films of metals,chalcogenides,and oxides

The air-water interface has traditionally been employed to prepare particle assemblies and films of metals and semiconductors. The interface between water and an organic liquid, however, has not been investigated sufficiently for possible use in preparing nanocrystals and thin films of materials. In this article, we demonstrate the use of the liquid-liquid interface as a medium for preparing ultrathin films of metals, chalcogenides and oxides. The method involves the reaction at the interface between a metal-organic compound in the organic layer and an appropriate reagent for reduction, sulfidation, etc. in the aqueous layer. Some of the materials discussed are nanocrystalline films of gold, CuS, CuSe, CuO, and Cu(OH)(2) formed at the liquid-liquid interface. The results reported in this article should demonstrate the versatility and potential of the liquid-liquid interface for preparing nanomaterials and ultrathin films and encourage further research in this area.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system n-heptane-n-butyl alcohol at medium pressures

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system n-heptane-n-butyl alcohol at pressures of 1445, 2205, 2965, and 3725 mm. of Hg have been reported. The data are correlated with Chao's modified Redlich-Kister equation.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the systems diisopropyl ether-n-heptane and diisopropyl ether-carbon tetrachloride at medium pressures

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the systems diisopropyl ether-n-heptane and diisopropyl ether-carbon tetrachloride have been reported at pressures of 760, 1520, and 2280 mm. of Hg. The systems form ideal mixtures under the pressure range studied.

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium of n-heptane-n-butanol system

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system n-heptane-n-butanol have been reported. The thermodynamic consistency of the data was tested with Chao's modified Redlich-Kister equation and Tao's method.

Hydrochlorination of methanol to methyl chloride in fixed catalyst beds

The vapor phase hydrochlorination of methanol to methyl chloride in fixed beds with silica gel-alumina (88 to 12) and γ-alumina catalysts was studied in a glass tubular reactor in the temperature range of 300° to 390°C. Of the two catalysts studied, γ-alumina gave nearly equilibrium conversions under the experimental conditions. The data are expressed in the form of second-order irreversible rate equations for both the catalysts studied.

Application of reversed phase circular paper chromatography to the analysis of higher fatty acids

A detailed study of various reversed phase systems for the qualitative analysis of fatty acids has been made and it has been shown, among other things, that the liquid paraffin-aqueous methanol system is a most convenient one. The details of a fairly simple and rapid method for the quantitative estimation of higher fatty acids have also been discussed.

Flow of a maxwell liquid fluid between two rotating coaxial cones having the same vertex

We consider the secondary flows arising in the motion of a Maxwell fluid between two rotating coaxial cones having the same vertex. We find that in any meridian plane passing through the common axis of the cones, the flow field is divided into two regions. Such a division of flow field was first reported by Bhatnagar and Rathna.

Critical phenomena in the coexistence curve of the binary liquid system

The coexistence curve of the carbondisulphide-acetic anhydride system has been measured. The shape of the curve in the critical region (Xc ≈ 70.89 mole % mole % CS2 and Tc ≈ 30.56° C) is determined by the equation |X′ - X″| = Bx (1 - T/Tc)β with the critical indices β = 0.34 ± 0.01 and Bx = 1.7 ± 0.1 over a range 10-6 < (Tc - T)/Tc < 10-2. The values of β and Bx agree with those of other systems and the theoretical predictions of the Ising model.

Ultrasonic studies in chemically active liquid media (1) aqueous solution of N2O4

Using a pulse method the ultrasonic absorption has been studied in the frequency range of 2 to 10 Mc/s in dilute aqueous solutions of nitrogen tetroxide gas at room temperature. The absorption peaks (αλ vs frequency) observed in this study are attributed to the ionic dissociation reaction of the nitrous acid into its constituent ions. The rate constants of the forward and backward reactions are calculated using the theory of Tabuchi. The variation of the logarithm of the rate constant of the bimolecular ionic reaction, namely, log10 kb, with the square root of ionic strength qualitatively follows Brönsted's theory for ionic reactions in solutions.

Energy landscape view of phase transitions and slow dynamics in thermotropic liquid crystals

Thermotropic liquid crystals are known to display rich phase behavior on temperature variation. Although the nematic phase is orientationally ordered but translationally disordered, a smectic phase is characterized by the appearance of a partial translational order in addition to a further increase in orientational order. In an attempt to understand the interplay between orientational and translational order in the mesophases that thermotropic liquid crystals typically exhibit upon cooling from the high-temperature isotropic phase, we investigate the potential energy landscapes of a family of model liquid crystalline systems. The configurations of the system corresponding to the local potential energy minima, known as the inherent structures, are determined from computer simulations across the mesophases. We find that the depth of the potential energy minima explored by the system along an isochor grows through the nematic phase as temperature drops in contrast to its insensitivity to temperature in the isotropic and smectic phases. The onset of the growth of the orientational order in the parent phase is found to induce a translational order, resulting in a smectic-like layer in the underlying inherent structures; the inherent structures, surprisingly, never seem to sustain orientational order alone if the parent nematic phase is sandwiched between the high-temperature isotropic phase and the low-temperature smectic phase. The Arrhenius temperature dependence of the orientational relaxation time breaks down near the isotropic-nematic transition. We find that this breakdown occurs at a temperature below which the system explores increasingly deeper potential energy minima.

A new method of producing local enhancement of buoyancy in liquid flows

We describe here a novel method of generating large volumetric heating in a liquid. The method uses the principle of ohmic heating of the liquid, rendered electrically conducting by suitable additives if necessary. Electrolysis is prevented by the use of high frequency alternating voltage and chemically treated electrodes. The technique is demonstrated by producing substantial heating in an initially neutral jet of water. Simple flow visualisation studies, made by adding dye to the jet, show marked changes in the growth and development of the jet with heat addition.

Influence of drying on the liquid limit behaviour of a marine clay

The possible mechanisms of particle aggregation and reduction in liquid limit of the Cochin marine clay on drying are investigated. Mineralogical analysis showed the absence of halloysite in the marine specimen. Experimental results also ruled out the possibility of cementitious material being responsible for particle aggregation and reduction in clay plasticity on drying. The presence of calcium and magnesium as the predominant exchangeable ions and of a high pore salt concentration facilitates strong interparticle attraction and small particle separations; the latter leads to development of significant capillary stresses that permits an intimate contact of particles and growth of strong van der Waals' and Coulombic bonds.