146 resultados para Hydrodynamic conditions
Resumo:
With the increasing use of extra high-voltage transmission in power system expansion, the manufacturers of power apparatus and the electric utilities are studying the nature of overvoltages in power systems due to lightning and, in particular, switching operations. For such analyses, knowledge of the natural frequencies of the windings of transformers under a wide variety of conditions is important. The work reported by the author in a previous paper is extended and equivalent circuits have been developed to represent several sets of terminal conditions. These equivalent circuits can be used to determine the natural frequencies and transient voltages in the windings. Comparison of the measured and the computed results obtained with a model transformer indicates that they are in good agreement. Hence, this method of analysis provides a satisfactory procedure for the estimation of natural frequencies and transient voltages in transformer windings.
Resumo:
We have identified a methanol- and biotin-starvation-inducible zinc finger protein named ROP [repressor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)] in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. When P. pastoris strain GS115 (wild-type, WT) is cultured in biotin-deficient, glucose-ammonium (Bio(-)) medium, growth is suppressed due to the inhibition of anaplerotic synthesis of oxaloacetate, catalysed by the biotin-dependent enzyme pyruvate carboxylase (PC). Deletion of ROP results in a strain (Delta ROP) that can grow under biotin-deficient conditions due to derepression of a biotin- and PC-independent pathway of anaplerotic synthesis of oxaloacetate. Northern analysis as well as microarray expression profiling of RNA isolated from WT and Delta ROP strains cultured in Bio(-) medium indicate that expression of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene (PEPCK) is induced in Delta ROP during biotin- or PC-deficiency even under glucose-abundant conditions. There is an excellent correlation between PEPCK expression and growth of Delta ROP in Bio(-) medium, suggesting that ROP-mediated regulation of PEPCK may have a crucial role in the biotin- and PC-independent growth of the Delta ROP strain. To our knowledge, ROP is the first example of a zinc finger transcription factor involved in the catabolite repression of PEPCK in yeast cells cultured under biotin- or PC-deficient and glucose-abundant conditions.
Resumo:
C:N ratio of lake sediments provide valuable information about the source and proportions of terrestrial, phytogenic and phycogenic carbon and nitrogen. This study has been carried out in Varthur lake which is receiving sewage since many decades apart from large scale land cover changes. C:N profile of the surficial sediment layer collected in the rainy and the dry seasons revealed higher C:N values[43] due to the accumulation of autochthonous organic material mostly at the deeper portions of the lake. This also highlights N limitation in the sludge either due to uptake by micro and macro-biota or rapid volatilization, denitrification and possible leaching in water. Organic Carbon was lower towards the inlets and higher near the deeper zones. This pattern of Organic C deposition was aided by gusty winds and high flow conditions together with impacts by the land use land cover changes in the watershed. Spatial variability of C:N in surficial sediments is significant compared to its seasonal variability. This communication provides an insight to the pattern in which nutrients are distributed in the sludge/sediment and its variation across seasons and space impacted by the biotic process accompanied by the hydrodynamic changes in the lake.
Resumo:
Null dereferences are a bane of programming in languages such as Java. In this paper we propose a sound, demand-driven, inter-procedurally context-sensitive dataflow analysis technique to verify a given dereference as safe or potentially unsafe. Our analysis uses an abstract lattice of formulas to find a pre-condition at the entry of the program such that a null-dereference can occur only if the initial state of the program satisfies this pre-condition. We use a simplified domain of formulas, abstracting out integer arithmetic, as well as unbounded access paths due to recursive data structures. For the sake of precision we model aliasing relationships explicitly in our abstract lattice, enable strong updates, and use a limited notion of path sensitivity. For the sake of scalability we prune formulas continually as they get propagated, reducing to true conjuncts that are less likely to be useful in validating or invalidating the formula. We have implemented our approach, and present an evaluation of it on a set of ten real Java programs. Our results show that the set of design features we have incorporated enable the analysis to (a) explore long, inter-procedural paths to verify each dereference, with (b) reasonable accuracy, and (c) very quick response time per dereference, making it suitable for use in desktop development environments.
Resumo:
Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) catalyzed efficient oxidative cross-dehydrogenative-coupling (CDC) method for C-H functionalization of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines has been explored. This user-friendly method of synthesizing alpha-aminophosphonates employs 1.1 equiv of dialkyl-H-phosphonate under aerobic condition. Formation of new C-P bonds from unfunctionalized starting materials under environmentally benign conditions provides an excellent avenue for the synthesis of biologically active alpha-aminophosphonates. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
A novel approach for the synthesis of N-1 substituted thiohydantoin has been developed to give quantitative yields of the desired products. The efficient synthesis of bis-thiohydantoin derivative and bicyclothiohydantoin has extended scope and applicability of present method. Solvent-free conditions and very easy work-up procedure make the reaction convenient and eco-friendly. All the products were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis, and finally the structure of representative ;compound was also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The preference for GarrattBraverman (GB) over MyersSaito (MS) and Schmittel (SCM) cyclizations has recently been demonstrated in sulfones capable of undergoing all three of the processes. As the GB cyclization is a self-quenching process, there is a need to change the selectivity to the non-self-quenching MS or SCM pathway so as to enhance the DNA-cleaving efficiency that operates through the radical-mediated process. Herein we report a conformational constraint-based strategy developed by using computations (M06-2X/6-31+G*) to switch the selectivity from GB to MS/SCM pathway which also results in greater DNA-cleavage activity. The preference for GB could be brought back by easing the constraint with the help of spacers.
Resumo:
Based on the Wilemski-Fixman approach G. Wilemski, M. Fixman, J. Chem. Phys. 60 (1974) 866], we show that, for a flexible chain in theta solvent, hydrodynamic interaction treated with a pre-averaging approximation makes ring closing faster if the chain is not very short. We also show that the ring closing time for a long chain with hydrodynamic interaction in theta solvent scales with the chain length (N) as N-1.5, in agreement with the previous renormalization group calculation based prediction by Freidman and O'Shaughnessy B. Friedman, B. O'Shaughnessy, Phys. Rev. A 40 (1989) 5950]. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
NMR spectroscopic separation of double bonded cis- and trans-isomers, that have different molecular shapes but identical mass have been carried out using Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY). The mixtures of fumaric acid and maleic acid, that have similar hydrodynamic radii, have resolved been on the basis of their diffusion coefficients arising due to their different tendencies to associate with micelles or reverse micelles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) have been used as the media to mimic the chromatographic conditions, modify the average mobility and to achieve differential diffusion rates. The best separation of the components has been achieved by Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) in D2O solution. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Chemical reactions inside cells are typically subject to the effects both of the cell's confining surfaces and of the viscoelastic behavior of its contents. In this paper, we show how the outcome of one particular reaction of relevance to cellular biochemistry - the diffusion-limited cyclization of long chain polymers - is influenced by such confinement and crowding effects. More specifically, starting from the Rouse model of polymer dynamics, and invoking the Wilemski-Fixman approximation, we determine the scaling relationship between the mean closure time t(c) of a flexible chain (no excluded volume or hydrodynamic interactions) and the length N of its contour under the following separate conditions: (a) confinement of the chain to a sphere of radius d and (b) modulation of its dynamics by colored Gaussian noise. Among other results, we find that in case (a) when d is much smaller than the size of the chain, t(c) similar to Nd-2, and that in case (b), t(c) similar to N-2/(2 (2H)), H being a number between 1/2 and 1 that characterizes the decay of the noise correlations. H is not known a priori, but values of about 0.7 have been used in the successful characterization of protein conformational dynamics. At this value of H (selected for purposes of illustration), t(c) similar to N-3.4, the high scaling exponent reflecting the slow relaxation of the chain in a viscoelastic medium. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729041]