Stability numbers for an unsupported vertical circular excavation in c-phi soil

By using an axisymmetric lower bound finite element limit analysis formulation, the stability numbers (gamma H/C) for an unsupported vertical circular excavation in a cohesive-frictional soil have been generated. The numerical results are obtained for values of normalized excavation height (H/b) and friction angle (phi) greater than those considered previously in the literature. The results compare well with those available in literature. The stability numbers presented in this note would be beneficial from a design point of view. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soil and Groundwater Pollution from Agricultural Activities

This book introduces the major agricultural activities in India and their impact on soil and groundwater. It lists the basic aspects of agricultural activities and introduces soil properties, classification and processes, and groundwater characteristics, movement, and recharge aspects. It further discusses soil and groundwater pollution from various sources, impacts of irrigation, drainage, fertilizer, and pesticide. Finally, the book dwells upon conservation and management of groundwater and soil.

Seismic reliability assessment of internal stability of reinforced soil walls using the pseudo-dynamic method

The study focuses on probabilistic assessment of the internal seismic stability of reinforced soil structures (RSS) subjected to earthquake loading in the framework of the pseudo-dynamic method. In the literature, the pseudo-static approach has been used to compute reliability indices against the tension and pullout failure modes, and the real dynamic nature of earthquake accelerations cannot be considered. The work presented in this paper makes use of the horizontal and vertical sinusoidal accelerations, amplification of vibrations, shear wave and primary wave velocities and time period. This approach is applied to quantify the influence of the backfill properties, geosynthetic reinforcement and characteristics of earthquake ground motions on reliability indices in relation to the tension and pullout failure modes. Seismic reliability indices at different levels of geosynthetic layers are determined for different magnitudes of seismic acceleration, soil amplification, shear wave and primary wave velocities. The results are compared with the pseudo-static method, and the significance of the present methodology for designing reinforced soil structures is discussed.

Soil aggressivity consideration for laying petroleum pipelines

The magnitude and volume of transportation of petroleum products (both crude and finished products) has necessitated constructing dedicated pipelines from the refineries to the various consumer centers. The present status and scenario of pipeline transportation has been briefly described. Published literatures covering geotechnical engineering aspects, especially corrosion studies for pipelines are scanty. Available literature has been summarized. Main topic includes soil resistivity survey, classification based on resistivity and various parameters of chemical analysis. Detailed analysis has been carried out from the data generated through field investigation and laboratory tests on soil samples obtained from different locations along the two selected pipeline route where they are to be constructed. Typical data has been analysed for aggressivity. Summary of aggressivity analysis has been presented for the two field cases and modification has been suggested for existing practice.

Tensile force distribution along the reinforcement for reinforced soil foundations

In a reinforced soil bed system reinforcement layer is usually placed with or without end anchorage. Since soil is weak in tension reinforcement develop tension under the applied load or the displacement of the footing. This tensile force is distributed along the length of the reinforcement subjected to the end condition. The reinforccement tension helps in distributing the load over a wider area, and becomes more effective at large induced settlements. As a result, vertical componenent of tensile force generated becomes effective in reducing applied load. However, very few studies to quantify the tensile force along the reinforcement have been reported in the literature. In this paper an attempt has been made to obtain the true nature of tensile force distribution along the reinforcement. For a reinforced soil bed below a strip footing this paper brings out induced tensile force distribution along the reinforcement at different load levels and for different types of reinforcements.

Analysis of residual tropical cemented soil behaviour

In -situ soils in gee-material spectrum might arise due to sedimentation or could be non-sedimentary residual formations. The inherent nature and diversity of geological processes involved in the soil formation stage itself are responsible for a wide variability in the in-situ state of the soil. In this paper the possibility of analyses to arrive at engineering parameters of residual soils with varied degrees of residual or acquired cementation by the use of physical and in-situ parameters normally determined in routine investigations, are examined. An Intrinsic State Line,(ISL), with reference to an intrinsic state parameter (e/e(L)) and its variation with effective stress for reconstituted clays has been developed for residual tropical soils of non-sedimentary origin. In relation to the Intrinsic State Line (ISL), the undisturbed state, e, the potential parameter, e(L), along with the overburden pressure data has been analyzed to identify the dominance of cementation or stress history or both in controlling the compressibility and strength behaviour of natural residual soil. The location of yield stress point in relation to the ISL, pre-, and post- yield stress, compression indices along the e- log sigma(v) path provide a simple means to the analysis of the compressibility characteristics of cemented soils for analysis.

Vertical uplift capacity of a group of two coaxial anchors in a general c-phi soil

The vertical uplift resistance of a group of two horizontal coaxial strip anchors, embedded in a general c-phi soil (where c is the unit cohesion and phi is the soil friction angle), has been determined by using the lower bound finite element limit analysis. The variation of uplift factors F-c and F-gamma, due to the components of soil cohesion and unit weight, respectively, with changes in depth (H)/width (B) has been established for different values of vertical spacing (S)/B. As compared to a single isolated anchor, the group of two anchors provides a significantly greater magnitude of F-c for phi <= 20 degrees and with H/B >= 3. The magnitude of F-c becomes almost maximum when S/B is kept closer to 0.5H/B. On the other hand, with the same H/B, as compared to a single anchor, hardly any increase in F-gamma occurs for a group of two anchors.

Parameter estimation of a two-horizon soil profile by combining crop canopy and surface soil moisture observations using GLUE

Estimation of soil parameters by inverse modeling using observations on either surface soil moisture or crop variables has been successfully attempted in many studies, but difficulties to estimate root zone properties arise when heterogeneous layered soils are considered. The objective of this study was to explore the potential of combining observations on surface soil moisture and crop variables - leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground biomass for estimating soil parameters (water holding capacity and soil depth) in a two-layered soil system using inversion of the crop model STICS. This was performed using GLUE method on a synthetic data set on varying soil types and on a data set from a field experiment carried out in two maize plots in South India. The main results were (i) combination of surface soil moisture and above-ground biomass provided consistently good estimates with small uncertainity of soil properties for the two soil layers, for a wide range of soil paramater values, both in the synthetic and the field experiment, (ii) above-ground biomass was found to give relatively better estimates and lower uncertainty than LAI when combined with surface soil moisture, especially for estimation of soil depth, (iii) surface soil moisture data, either alone or combined with crop variables, provided a very good estimate of the water holding capacity of the upper soil layer with very small uncertainty whereas using the surface soil moisture alone gave very poor estimates of the soil properties of the deeper layer, and (iv) using crop variables alone (else above-ground biomass or LAI) provided reasonable estimates of the deeper layer properties depending on the soil type but provided poor estimates of the first layer properties. The robustness of combining observations of the surface soil moisture and the above-ground biomass for estimating two layer soil properties, which was demonstrated using both synthetic and field experiments in this study, needs now to be tested for a broader range of climatic conditions and crop types, to assess its potential for spatial applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of frequency on seismic response of reinforced soil slopes in shaking table tests

This paper studies the effect of frequency of base shaking on the dynamic response of unreinforced and reinforced soil slopes through a series of shaking table tests. Slopes were constructed using clayey sand and geogrids were used for reinforcing the slopes. Two different slope angles 45 degrees and 60 degrees were used in tests and the quantity and location of reinforcement is varied in different tests. Acceleration of shaking is kept constant as 0.3 g in all the tests to maximize the response and the frequency of shaking was 2 Hz, 5 Hz and 7 Hz in different tests. The slope is instrumented with ultrasonic displacement sensors and accelerometers at different elevations. The response of different slopes is compared in terms of the deformation of the slope and acceleration amplifications measured at different elevations. It is observed that the displacements at all elevations increased with increase in frequency for all slopes, whereas the effect of frequency on acceleration amplifications is not significant for reinforced slopes. Results showed that the acceleration and displacement response is not increasing proportionately with the increase in the frequency, suggesting that the role of frequency in the seismic response is very important. Reinforced slopes showed lesser displacements compared to unreinforced slopes at all frequency levels. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Verification of Masonry Building Code to Flexural Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Soil Block

Most studies involving cement-stabilized soil blocks (CSSB) concern material properties, such as the characteristics of erosion and strength and how the composition of the block affects these properties. Moreover, research has been conducted on the performance of various mortars, investigating their material properties and the tensile bond strength between CSSB units and mortar. In contrast, very little is currently known about CSSB masonry structural behavior. Because structural design codes of traditional masonry buildings were well developed over the past century, many of the same principles may be applicable to CSSB masonry buildings. This paper details the topic of flexural behavior of CSSB masonry walls and whether the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) code can be applied to this material for improved safety of such buildings. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000566. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Soil stabilization with waste materials based binder

This paper describes a laboratory trial to study the effectiveness of a waste-based binder to stabilize expansive soils. The proposed binders viz., Fly ash and/or Ground granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) were mixed with the expansive soil along with a small amount of lime to increase soil pH and enable pozzolanic reactions. The geotechnical characteristics of the various combinations of samples were investigated through the compaction tests, unconfined compression tests etc. It was found that the addition of GGBS with and without fly ash and lime has significant influence on the geotechnical characteristics of the soil.

Modeling the dynamic response of wrap-faced reinforced soil retaining walls

This paper describes the development of a numerical model for simulating the shaking table tests on wrap-faced reinforced soil retaining walls. Some of the physical model tests carried out on reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to dynamic excitation through uniaxial shaking tests are briefly discussed. Models of retaining walls are constructed in a perspex box with geotextile reinforcement using the wraparound technique with dry sand backfill and instrumented with displacement sensors, accelerometers, and soil pressure sensors. Results showed that the displacements decrease with the increase in number of reinforcement layers, whereas acceleration amplifications were not affected significantly. Numerical modeling of these shaking table tests is carried out using the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua program. The numerical model is validated by comparing the results with experiments on physical models. Responses of wrap-faced walls with varying numbers of reinforcement layers are compared. Sensitivity analysis performed on the numerical models showed that the friction and dilation angle of backfill material and stiffness properties of the geotextile-soil interface are the most affecting parameters for the model response.

Bearing capacity of piles in soft clay underlaid by cohesive frictional soil

By using the axisymmetric quasi-lower bound finite-element limit analysis, the bearing capacity factors N-c(p) and N-gamma q(p) have been computed for axially loaded piles, with the shaft embedded in a fully cohesive soil medium and the tip placed over cohesive frictional soil strata. The results were obtained for various combinations of L/D, phi(l), and c(l)/c(u); the subscripts l and u refer to lower and upper soil strata, respectively. The factors N-c(p) and N-gamma q(p) increase continuously with increases in L/D and phi(l); the rate of increase of N-c(p) and N-gamma q(p) with L/D, however, decreases with an increase in L/D. For c(l)/c(u) > 100, the factor N-c(p) hardly depends on L/D.

Target reliability-based optimisation for internal seismic stability of reinforced soil structures

In this paper, an approach for target component and system reliability-based design optimisation (RBDO) to evaluate safety for the internal seismic stability of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) structures is presented. Three modes of failure are considered: tension failure of the bottom-most layer of reinforcement, pullout failure of the topmost layer of reinforcement, and total pullout failure of all reinforcement layers. The analysis is performed by treating backfill properties, geometric and strength properties of reinforcement as random variables. The optimum number of reinforcement layers and optimum pullout length needed to maintain stability against tension failure, pullout failure and total pullout failure for different coefficients of variation of friction angle of the backfill, design strength of the reinforcement and horizontal seismic acceleration coefficients by targeting various system reliability indices are proposed. The results provide guidelines for the total length of reinforcement required, considering the variability of backfill as well as seismic coefficients. One illustrative example is presented to explain the evaluation of reliability for internal stability of reinforced soil structures using the proposed approach. In the second illustration (the stability of five walls), the Kushiro wall subjected to the Kushiro-Oki earthquake, the Seiken wall subjected to the Chiba-ken Toho-Oki earthquake, the Ta Kung wall subjected to the Ji-Ji earthquake, and the Gould and Valencia walls subjected to Northridge earthquake are re-examined.