Quadrature generation techniques for frequency multiplication based oscillators

Frequency multiplication (FM) can be used to design low power frequency synthesizers. This is achieved by running the VCO at a much reduced frequency, while employing a power efficient frequency multiplier, and also thereby eliminating the first few dividers. Quadrature signals can be generated by frequency- multiplying low frequency I/Q signals, however this also multiplies the quadrature error of these signals. Another way is generating additional edges from the low-frequency oscillator (LFO) and develop a quadrature FM. This makes the I-Q precision heavily dependent on process mismatches in the ring oscillator. In this paper we examine the use of fewer edges from LFO and a single stage polyphase filter to generate approximate quadrature signals, which is then followed by an injection-locked quadrature VCO to generate high- precision I/Q signals. Simulation comparisons with the existing approach shows that the proposed method offers very good phase accuracy of 0.5deg with only a modest increase in power dissipation for 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 standard using UMC 0.13 mum RFCMOS technology.

Process variability-aware statistical hybrid modeling of dynamic power dissipation in 65 nm CMOS designs

A generalized technique is proposed for modeling the effects of process variations on dynamic power by directly relating the variations in process parameters to variations in dynamic power of a digital circuit. The dynamic power of a 2-input NAND gate is characterized by mixed-mode simulations, to be used as a library element for 65mn gate length technology. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with a multiplier circuit built using the NAND gate library, by characterizing its dynamic power through Monte Carlo analysis. The statistical technique of Response. Surface Methodology (RSM) using Design of Experiments (DOE) and Least Squares Method (LSM), are employed to generate a "hybrid model" for gate power to account for simultaneous variations in multiple process parameters. We demonstrate that our hybrid model based statistical design approach results in considerable savings in the power budget of low power CMOS designs with an error of less than 1%, with significant reductions in uncertainty by atleast 6X on a normalized basis, against worst case design.

On the duality between rate and power optimizations

Sequence design problems are considered in this paper. The problem of sum power minimization in a spread spectrum system can be reduced to the problem of sum capacity maximization, and vice versa. A solution to one of the problems yields a solution to the other. Subsequently, conceptually simple sequence design algorithms known to hold for the white-noise case are extended to the colored noise case. The algorithms yield an upper bound of 2N - L on the number of sequences where N is the processing gain and L the number of non-interfering subsets of users. If some users (at most N - 1) are allowed to signal along a limited number of multiple dimensions, then N orthogonal sequences suffice.

Three-level inverter fed open-end winding IM drive with common mode voltage elimination and reduced power device count

A three-level space phasor generation scheme with common mode elimination and with reduced power device count is proposed for an open end winding induction motor in this paper. The open end winding induction motor is fed by the three-level inverters from both sides. Each two level inverter is formed by cascading two two-level inverters. By sharing the bottom inverter for the two three-level inverters on either side, the power device count is reduced. The switching states with zero common mode voltage variation are selected for PWM switching so that there is no alternating common mode voltage in the pole voltages as well as in phase voltages. Only two isolated DC-links, with half the voltage rating of a conventional three-level neutral point clamped inverter, are needed for the proposed scheme.

A Simple Instrumentation Calibration Technique for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Using A 16-Electrode Phantom

A simple analog instrumentation for Electrical Impedance Tomography is developed and calibrated using the practical phantoms. A constant current injector consisting of a modified Howland voltage controlled current source fed by a voltage controlled oscillator is developed to inject a constant current to the phantom boundary. An instrumentation amplifier, 50 Hz notch filter and a narrow band pass filter are developed and used for signal conditioning. Practical biological phantoms are developed and the forward problem is studied to calibrate the EIT-instrumentation. An array of sixteen stainless steel electrodes is developed and placed inside the phantom tank filled with KCl solution. 1 mA, 50 kHz sinusoidal current is injected at the phantom boundary using adjacent current injection protocol. The differential potentials developed at the voltage electrodes are measured for sixteen current injections. Differential voltage signal is passed through an instrumentation amplifier and a filtering block and measured by a digital multimeter. A forward solver is developed using Finite Element Method in MATLAB7.0 for solving the EIT governing equation. Differential potentials are numerically calculated using the forward solver with a simulated current and bathing solution conductivity. Measured potential data is compared with the differential potentials calculated for calibrating the instrumentation to acquire the voltage data suitable for better image reconstruction.

Sequence design for symbol-asynchronous CDMA with power or rate constraints

Sequence design and resource allocation for a symbol-asynchronous chip-synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system is considered in this paper. A simple lower bound on the minimum sum-power required for a non-oversized system, based on the best achievable for a non-spread system, and an analogous upper bound on the sum rate are first summarised. Subsequently, an algorithm of Sundaresan and Padakandla is shown to achieve the lower bound on minimum sum power (upper bound on sum rate, respectively). Analogous to the synchronous case, by splitting oversized users in a system with processing gain N, a system with no oversized users is easily obtained, and the lower bound on sum power (upper bound on sum rate, respectively) is shown to be achieved by using N orthogonal sequences. The total number of splits is at most N - 1.

Delay optimal control algorithm for a multiaccess fading channel with peak power constraint

We consider an optimal power and rate scheduling problem for a multiaccess fading wireless channel with the objective of minimising a weighted sum of mean packet transmission delay subject to a peak power constraint. The base station acts as a controller which, depending upon the buffer lengths and the channel state of each user, allocates transmission rate and power to individual users. We assume perfect channel state information at the transmitter and the receiver. We also assume a Markov model for the fading and packet arrival processes. The policy obtained represents a form of Indexability.

Observation of a power-law memory kernel for fluctuations within a single protein molecule

The fluctuation of the distance between a fluorescein-tyrosine pair within a single protein complex was directly monitored in real time by photoinduced electron transfer and found to be a stationary, time-reversible, and non-Markovian Gaussian process. Within the generalized Langevin equation formalism, we experimentally determine the memory kernel K(t), which is proportional to the autocorrelation function of the random fluctuating force. K(t) is a power-law decay, t(-0.51 +/- 0.07) in a broad range of time scales (10(-3)-10 s). Such a long-time memory effect could have implications for protein functions.

On the study of a third-order mechanical oscillator

In this paper, the study of a third-order mechanical oscillator is presented by demonstrating its equivalence to the well-known R.C. multivibrator with two additional reactive elements. The conditions for the oscillator's possession of periodic solutions are presented. It is also shown that under certain conditions, the study of the given third-order autonomous system can be reduced to the study of an equivalent second-order, non-autonomous system.

A Study of Practical Biological Phantoms with Simple Instrumentation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

16-electrode phantoms are developed and studied with a simple instrumentation developed for Electrical Impedance Tomography. An analog instrumentation is developed with a sinusoidal current generator and signal conditioner circuit. Current generator is developed withmodified Howland constant current source fed by a voltage controlled oscillator and the signal conditioner circuit consisting of an instrumentation amplifier and a narrow band pass filter. Electronic hardware is connected to the electrodes through a DIP switch based multiplexer module. Phantoms with different electrode size and position are developed and the EIT forward problem is studied using the forward solver. A low frequency low magnitude sinusoidal current is injected to the surface electrodes surrounding the phantom boundary and the differential potential is measured by a digital multimeter. Comparing measured potential with the simulated data it is intended to reduce the measurement error and an optimum phantom geometry is suggested. Result shows that the common mode electrode reduces the common mode error of the EIT electronics and reduces the error potential in the measured data. Differential potential is reduced up to 67 mV at the voltage electrode pair opposite to the current electrodes. Offset potential is measured and subtracted from the measured data for further correction. It is noticed that the potential data pattern depends on the electrode width and the optimum electrode width is suggested. It is also observed that measured potential becomes acceptable with a 20 mm solution column above and below the electrode array level.

Stability of systems with power-law non-linearities

It is shown that a sufficient condition for the asymptotic stability-in-the-large of an autonomous system containing a linear part with transfer function G(jω) and a non-linearity belonging to a class of power-law non-linearities with slope restriction [0, K] in cascade in a negative feedback loop is ReZ(jω)[G(jω) + 1 K] ≥ 0 for all ω where the multiplier is given by, Z(jω) = 1 + αjω + Y(jω) - Y(-jω) with a real, y(t) = 0 for t < 0 and ∫ 0 ∞ |y(t)|dt < 1 2c2, c2 being a constant associated with the class of non-linearity. Any allowable multiplier can be converted to the above form and this form leads to lesser restrictions on the parameters in many cases. Criteria for the case of odd monotonic non-linearities and of linear gains are obtained as limiting cases of the criterion developed. A striking feature of the present result is that in the linear case it reduces to the necessary and sufficient conditions corresponding to the Nyquist criterion. An inequality of the type |R(T) - R(- T)| ≤ 2c2R(0) where R(T) is the input-output cross-correlation function of the non-linearity, is used in deriving the results.

Influence of External Light Waves on the Thermoelectric Power Under Strong Magnetic Field in Ultrathin Films, Quantum Wires and Quantum Dots of Optoelectronic Materials

In this paper, an attempt is made to study the influence of external light waves on the thermoelectric power under strong magnetic field (TPSM) in ultrathin films (UFs), quantum wires (QWs) and quantum dots (QDs) of optoelectronic materials whose unperturbed dispersion relation of the conduction electrons are defined by three and two band models of Kane together with parabolic energy bands on the basis of newly formulated electron dispersion laws in each case. We have plotted the TPSM as functions of film thickness, electron concentration, light intensity and wavelength for UFs, QWs and ODs of InSb, GaAs, Hg1-xCdxTe and In1-xGaxAsyP1-y respectively. It appears from the figures that for UFs, the TPSM increases with increasing thickness in quantum steps, decreases with increasing electron degeneracy exhibiting entirely different types of oscillations and changes with both light intensity and wavelength and these two latter types of plots are the direct signature of light waves on opto-TPSM. For QWs, the opto-TPSM exhibits rectangular oscillations with increasing thickness and shows enhanced spiky oscillations with electron concentration per unit length. For QDs, the opto-TPSM increases with increasing film thickness exhibiting trapezoidal variations which occurs during quantum jumps and the length and breadth of the trapezoids are totally dependent on energy band constants. Under the condition of non-degeneracy, the results of opto-TPSM gets simplified into the well-known form of classical TPSM equation which the function of three constants only and being invariant of the signature of band structure.

Power Optimal Network-on-Chip Interconnect Design

A large part of today's multi-core chips is interconnect. Increasing communication complexity has made essential new strategies for interconnects, such as Network on Chip. Power dissipation in interconnects has become a substantial part of the total power dissipation. Techniques to reduce interconnect power have thus become a necessity. In this paper, we present a design methodology that gives values of bus width for interconnect links, frequency of operation for routers, in Network on Chip scenario that satisfy required throughput and dissipate minimal switching power. We develop closed form analytical expressions for the power dissipation, with bus width and frequency as variables and then use Lagrange multiplier method to arrive at the optimal values. We present a 4 port router in 90 nm technology library as case study. The results obtained from analysis are discussed.

Flow of a power law fluid in an annulus with porous walls

The steady flow of a power law fluid in annuli with porous walls is investigated. The solution for the axial velocity component is obtained as a power series in terms of the cross flow Reynolds number, the first term of the series giving the solution for the case of the solid wall annulus. The cross flow is restricted to be such that the rate of injection of fluid at one wall of the annulus is equal to the rate of suction at the other wall and also we have considered only very small values of the cross flow velocity. The velocity profiles are drawn for different values of n and for different gaps and the results are discussed in detail. The behaviour of the average flux, in different eases is also discussed.

Method for obtaining minimum noise in a general purpose hot wire amplifier

It has been shown that the conventional practice of designing a compensated hot wire amplifier with a fixed ceiling to floor ratio results in considerable and unnecessary increase in noise level at compensation settings other than optimum (which is at the maximum compensation at the highest frequency of interest). The optimum ceiling to floor ratio has been estimated to be between 1.5-2.0 ωmaxM. Application of the above considerations to an amplifier in which the ceiling to floor ratio is optimized at each compensation setting (for a given amplifier band-width), shows the usefulness of the method in improving the signal to noise ratio.