Studies on the Tracking and Erosion Resistance of RTV Silicone Rubber Nanocomposite

One of the problems associated with outdoor polymeric insulators is tracking and erosion of the weathershed which can directly influence the reliability of the power system. Flame retardants are added to the base material to enhance its tracking and erosion resistance. Hydroxide fillers are regarded as the best flame retardants. This paper deals with studies related to nano - sized magnesium dihydroxide (MDH) and micron-sized Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) fillers as flame retardants in RTV silicone rubber. Tracking and erosion resistance studies were carried out on MDH and ATH silicone rubber composites using an inclined plane tracking and erosion (IPT) resistance tester. The MDH filled (5% by wt) composites performed much better than ATH composites in terms of eroded mass, depth of erosion, width and length of erosion. The eroded mass of MDH composite is 49.8 % that of ATH composite which can be attributed to high surface area and higher thermal stability of MDH nanofillers.

Mössbauer studies of the corrosion products of iron formed in aqueous ammonium nitrate solution

The products of corrosion reaction of electrolytic iron in 45% ammonium nitrate solution formed under various conditions of time, temperature and pH have been analysed mainly by Mössbauer spectroscopy, in combination with X-ray diffraction, infrared absorption and electron microscopy techniques. γ-Fe00H is found to be the major product of hydrolytic precipitation at pH > 5.6 while only α-FeOOH is formed at pH < 3.0. In the pH range 3.0 < pH < 5.0, α-Fe00H and ferrihydrite are both formed. However, once the nuclei of α-Fe00H are formed under low pH conditions, their growth is favoured even in the otherwise unfavourable slightly acidic medium, resulting in a hydrous α-Fe00H which has two distinct hyperfine fields at the 57Fe nucleus. Magnetite is always formed in the vicinity of the metal and its rate of formation on the surface increases with temperature. α-Fe203 is the major product of hydrolytic precipitation at temperatures >80C. The possible mechanisms for the formation of each of the corrosion products are discussed.

X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the interaction of carbon monoxide with oxygen adsorbed on silver covered with potassium, caesium or barium

X-ray and He(II) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the interaction of CO with oxygen on potassium-, caesium- and barium-covered Ag surfaces have shown the formation of carbonate at 300 K. While on a caesium-covered surface only carbonate formation takes place, on the potassium- and barium-covered surfaces molecularly chemisorbed CO is also formed. The variation of the surface concentrations of carbon and oxygen with temperature has been examined and a reaction sequence for the interaction of CO with adsorbed oxygen on potassium-, caesium- and barium-covered Ag surfaces is suggested.

High-Pressure Studies Of SE100-XTEX Glasses

High pressure resistivity measurements on Se100-xTex, glasses for 0≤x≤30 are reported. Two composition regions, where the transport and transformation behaviour are different, are identified. For 0≤x≤6, there is a first-order-like transformation to metallic crystalline states, while for x>6 the transformation appears to be continuous. Glass-transition temperatures also show differences in trends as a function of composition around 6% Te. An attempt is made to explain the composition-dependent trends on the basis of known structural features of selenium glasses and of the nature of tellurium bonding. At concentrations with up to 6% tellurium, Te most likely enters selenium chain terminations, substituting for negatively charged Se1- defects, while at larger concentrations, tellurium probably enters chains and rings by a random substitution.

Studies of Phosphazenes. Part 13.' Thermal Rearrangement Reactions of Some Met hoxycyclo phosp hazenes

The methoxycyclophosphazenes [NP(OMe),], (n = 3-6) rearrange on heating to give oxocyclophosphazanes, [N(Me)PO(OMe)],. Isomeric products are formed when n = 4-6. The lH, ,lP, and 13C n.m.r. data for the starting materials and the products are presented. The ethoxy- and n-propoxy-derivatives N,P,( OR)* do not undergo the above rearrangement. The geminal derivatives N,P,R,(OMe), (R = Ph or NHBut) on heating yield both fully and partially rearranged products, namely dioxophosphaz-1 -enes and oxophosphazadienes, as shown by 270- MHz lH n.m.r. spectroscopy. The non-geminal derivative N,P,( NMe,),(OMe), gives only the fully rearranged product N,Me,P,(NMe,),O,(OMe), whose structure has been established from its lH and 31P n.m.r. spectra.

Evidence for peroxide and Cul+ species in La1.8Sro.2Cu04 from photo-emission studies

Employing photo-emission and Auger electron spectroscopy, it is shown that La, ,Sr&uO,contains 0:- -typespeciesandCu'+ ions, proportionsof these speciesincrease with decreasing temperature. These species may play an important role in the high-temperature superconductivity of this oxide.

Studies in Nonlinear Optical Materials: Structure of Methyl 2-(4-Ethyl-5-methyl- 2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-l,3-thiazol- 3-yl) propionate

CIoH15NO282, Mr=245"0, orthorhombic, P21212 ~, a = 6.639 (2), b = 8.205 (2), c = 22.528(6)A, V= I227.2(6)A 3, z=4, Dm= 1.315, Dx= 1.326gem -3, MoKa, 2=0.7107A, 12= 3.63 cm -1, F(000) = 520, T= 293 K, R = 0.037 for 1115 significant reflections. The second-harmonicgeneration (SHG) efficiency of this compound is only 1/10th of the urea standard. The observed low second-order nonlinear response may be attributed to the unfavourable packing of the molecules in the crystal lattice.

Depth profile composition studies of thin film CdS: Cu,S solar cells using XPS and AES

Surface composition and depth profile studies of hemiplated thin film CdS:CuzS solar cells have been carried out using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) techniques. These studies indicate that the junction is fairly diffused in the as-prepared cell. However, heat treatment of the cell at 210°C in air relatively sharpens the junction and improves the cell performance. Using the Cu(2p3p)/S(2p) ratio as well as the Cu(LVV)/(LMM) Auger intensity ratio, it can be inferred that the nominal valency of copper in the layers above the junction is Cut and it is essentially in the CUSS form. Copper signals are observed from layers deep down in the cell. These seem to appear mostly from the grain boundary region. From the observed concentration of Cd, Cu and S in these deeper layers and the Cu(LVV)/(LMM) ratio it appears that the signals from copper essentially originate partly from copper in CuS and partly from Cu2t trapped in the lattice. It is significant to note that the nominal valence state of copper changes rather abruptly from Cut to Cuz+ across the junction.

ESR Studies of Phase Transitions in Double Propionates: Dicalcium Barium Propionate Ca2Ba(C2H5COO)6

Single crystal [(111) and (100) planes], and powder ESR of Mn2+ (substituting for Ca2+) in Ca2Ba(C2H5COO)6 in the temperature range 220°C to -160°C shows (i) a doubling of both the physically and chemically inequivalent sites, and a change in the magnitude (150 G at -6°C to 170 G at -8°C) as well as the orientation of the D tensor across the -6°C transition and (ii) an inflection point in the D vs T plot across the -75°C transition. The oxygen octahedra around the Ca2+ sites are inferred to undergo alternate rotations, showing the participation of the carboxyl oxygens in the -6°C transition. A relation of the type D=D0(1+αT+βT2) seems to fit the D variation satisfactorily.

Calorimetric, infrared and ESR studies of the plastically crystalline state of organic compounds

Enthalpy changes of the crystal-plastic and plastic-liquid transitions are related to the temperature range of stability of the plastic phase. Thermodynamics of the plastic state of binary mixtures have been examined. Infrared correlation times, τc, and activation energies have been measured for a few molecules in the plastic state. Molecular tumbling times, τt, have also been measured employing ESR spectra of a spin-probe. Plots of log τc(τt) 1/T are continuous through the plastic-liquid transition. Activation energies for molecular motion seem to vary in the same direction as the ΔH of the plastic-crystal transition. Infrared correlation times of solute molecules in binary solutions in the plastic and the liquid states show interesting variations with solute concentration.

Characterization of alinite cements through X-ray diffraction and mas 29Si NMR studies

Alinite cements have been synthesized using mining and steel plant wastes and pulverized fuel ash (fly ash) as raw materials and a clinkering temperature of 1150°C. The cements possess hydration characteristics comparable to those of portland cements. X-ray diffraction studies on these samples confirm the presence of alinite as the predominant phase. MAS 29Si NMR spectra have been used to distinguish alinite and alite cements. While both show resonances characteristic of Q° type silicate species, the portland cements exhibit three distinct peaks corresponding to three inequivalent SiO4 units present, while alinite shows a single sharp peak corresponding to the unique Si position.

Characterization studies of AgI---Ag2O---MoO3 glasses

Glass formation has been investigated in the system AgI---Ag2O---MoO3. X-ray absorption edge chemical shifts, infrared spectra and heat capacities of the various glass compositions have been measured. The probable anion structures in the oxygen excess and deficient regions have been discussed

X-ray Studies on Crystalline Complexes Involving Amino Acids and Peptides. XIII. Effect of Chirality on Molecular Aggregation: The Crystal Structures of L-Arginine D-Aspartate and L-Arginine D-Glutamate Trihydrate

The crystal structures of (1) L-arginine D-asparate, C6HIsN40~.C4H6NO4 [triclinic, P1, a=5.239(1), b=9.544(1), c=14.064(2)A, a=85"58(1), /3=88.73 (1), ~/=84.35 (1) °, Z=2] and (2) L-arginine D-glutamate trihydrate, C6H15N40~-.CsHsNO4.3H20 [monoclinic, P2~, a=9.968(2), b=4.652(1), c=19.930 (2) A, fl = 101.20 (1) °, Z = 2] have been determined using direct methods. They have been refined to R =0.042 and 0.048 for 2829 and 2035 unique reflections respectively [I>2cr(I)]. The conformations of the two arginine molecules in the aspartate complex are different from those observed so far in the crystal structures of arginine, its salts and complexes. In both complexes, the molecules are organized into double layers stacked along the longest axis. The core of each double layer consists of two parallel sheets made up of main-chain atoms, each involving both types of molecules. The hydrogen bonds within each sheet and those that interconnect the two sheets give rise to EL-, DD- and DE-type head-to-tail sequences. Adjacent double layers in (1) are held together by side-chain-side-chain interactions whereas those in (2) are interconnected through an extensive network of water molecules which interact with sidechain guanidyl and carboxylate groups. The aggregation pattern observed in the two LD complexes is fundamentally different from that found in the corresponding EL complexes.