Ethyl 6-chloro-2-[(2-chloro-7,8-dimethylquinolin-3-yl)methoxy]-4-phenylquino line-3-carboxylate

In the title compound, C30H24Cl2N2O3, the two quinoline ring systems are almost planar [maximum deviations = 0.029 (2) and 0.018 (3) angstrom] and the dihedral angle between them is 4.17 (8)degrees. The dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and its attached quinoline ring is 69.06 (13)degrees. The packing is stabilized by C-H center dot center dot center dot O, C-H center dot center dot center dot N, weak pi-pi stacking [centroid-centroid distances = 3.7985 (16) and 3.7662(17) angstrom] and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions.

A genetic algorithm with characteristic amplification through multiple geographically isolated populations and varied fitness landscapes

This paper proposes a new approach, wherein multiple populations are evolved on different landscapes. The problem statement is broken down, to describe discrete characteristics. Each landscape, described by its fitness landscape is used to optimize or amplify a certain characteristic or set of characteristics. Individuals from each of these populations are kept geographically isolated from each other Each population is evolved individually. After a predetermined number of evolutions, the system of populations is analysed against a normalized fitness function. Depending on this score and a predefined merging scheme, the populations are merged, one at a time, while continuing evolution. Merging continues until only one final population remains. This population is then evolved, following which the resulting population will contain the optimal solution. The final resulting population will contain individuals which have been optimized against all characteristics as desired by the problem statement. Each individual population is optimized for a local maxima. Thus when populations are merged, the effect is to produce a new population which is closer to the global maxima.

A genetic algorithm with characteristic amplification through multiple geographically isolated populations and varied fitness landscapes

This paper proposes a new approach, wherein multiple populations are evolved on different landscapes. The problem statement is broken down, to describe discrete characteristics. Each landscape, described by its fitness landscape is used to optimize or amplify a certain characteristic or set of characteristics. Individuals from each of these populations are kept geographically isolated from each other Each population is evolved individually. After a predetermined number of evolutions, the system of populations is analysed against a normalized fitness function. Depending on this score and a predefined merging scheme, the populations are merged, one at a time, while continuing evolution. Merging continues until only one final population remains. This population is then evolved, following which the resulting population will contain the optimal solution. The final resulting population will contain individuals which have been optimized against all characteristics as desired by the problem statement. Each individual population is optimized for a local maxima. Thus when populations are merged, the effect is to produce a new population which is closer to the global maxima.

Existence of multiple positive solutions for N-laplacian in a bounded domain in R-N

Let Ohm be a bounded domain in IRN, N greater than or equal to 2, lambda > 0, q is an element of (0, N - 1) and alpha is an element of (1, N/N-1 In this article we show the existence of at least two positive solutions for the following quasilinear elliptic problem with an exponential type nonlinearity:

Analysis of shore line protection works in tsunami hit areas of east coast of India

Evaluation and design of shore protection works in the case of tsunamis assumes considerable importance in view of the impact it had in the recent tsunami of 26th December 2004 in India and other countries in Asia. The fact that there are no proper guidelines have made in the matters worse and resulted in the magnitude of damage that occurred. Survey of the damages indicated that the scour as a result of high velocities is one of the prime reasons for damages in the case of simple structures. It is revealed that sea walls in some cases have been helpful to minimize the damages. The objective of this paper is to suggest that design of shore line protection systems using expected wave heights that get generated and use of flexible systems such as geocells is likely to give a better protection. The protection systems can be designed to withstand the wave forces that corresponding to different probabilities of incidence. A design approach of geocells protection system is suggested and illustrated with reference to the data of wave heights in the east coast of India.

Simulation of wavelength/time multiple-pulses-per-row fiber-optic CDMA network

Passive wavelength/time fiber-optic code division multiple access (WIT FO-CDMA) network is a viable option for highspeed access networks. Constructions of 2-D codes, suitable for incoherent WIT FO-CDMA, have been proposed to reduce the time spread of the 1-D sequences. The 2-D constructions can be broadly classified as 1) hybrid codes and 2) matrix codes. In our earlier work [141, we had proposed a new family of wavelength/time multiple-pulses-per-row (W/T MPR) matrix codes which have good cardinality, spectral efficiency and at the same time have the lowest off-peak autocorrelation and cross-correlation values equal to unity. In this paper we propose an architecture for a WIT MPR FO-CDAM network designed using the presently available devices and technology. A complete FO-CDMA network of ten users is simulated, for various number of simultaneous users and shown that 0 --> 1 errors can occur only when the number of interfering users is at least equal to the threshold value.

Stereochemical Analysis of Higher α,α-Dialkylglycine Containing Peptides. Characterization of Local Helical Conformations at Dipropylglycine Residues and Observation of a Novel Hydrated Multiple β-Turn Structure in Crystals of a Glycine Rich Peptide

The peptide Boc-Gly-Dpg-Gly-Gly-Dpg-Gly-NHMe (1) has been synthesized to examine the conformational preferences of Dpg residues in the context of a poor helix promoting sequence. Single crystals of 1 were obtained in the space group P21/c with a = 13.716(2) Å, b = 12.960(2) Å, c = 22.266(4) Å, and β = 98.05(1)°; R = 6.3% for 3660 data with |Fo| > 4σ. The molecular conformation in crystals revealed that the Gly(1)-Dpg(2) segment adopts φ, ψ values distorted from those expected for an ideal type II‘ β-turn (φGly(1) = +72.0°, ψGly(1) = −166.0°; φDpg(2) = −54.0°, ψDpg(2) = −46.0°) with an inserted water molecule between Boc-CO and Gly(3)NH. The Gly(3)-Gly(4) segment adopts φ, ψ values which lie broadly in the right handed helical region (φGly(3) = −78.0°, ψGly(3) = −9.0°; φGly(4) = −80.0°, ψGly(4) = −18.0°). There is a chiral reversal at Dpg(5) which takes up φ, ψ values in the left handed helical region. The Dpg(5)-Gly(6) segment closely resembles an ideal type I‘ β-turn (φDpg(5) = +56.0°, ψDpg(5) = +32.0°; φGly(6) = +85.0°, ψGly(6) = −3.0°). Molecules of both chiral senses are found in the centrosymmetric crystal. The C-terminus forms a hydrated Schellman motif, with water insertion into the potential 6 → 1 hydrogen bond between Gly(1)CO and Gly(6)NH. NMR studies in CDCl3 suggest substantial retention of the multiple turn conformation observed in crystals. In solution the observed NOEs support local helical conformation at the two Dpg residues.

Support vector machine approach for the switching transient peak overvoltages during line energization

At the time of restoration transmission line switching is one of the major causes, which creates transient overvoltages. Though detailed Electro Magnetic Transient studies are carried out extensively for the planning and design of transmission systems, such studies are not common in a day-today operation of power systems. However it is important for the operator to ensure during restoration of supply that peak overvoltages resulting from the switching operations are well within safe limits. This paper presents a support vector machine approach to classify the various cases of line energization in the category of safe or unsafe based upon the peak value of overvoltage at the receiving end of line. Operator can define the threshold value of voltage to assign the data pattern in either of the class. For illustration of proposed approach the power system used for switching transient peak overvoltages tests is a 400 kV equivalent system of an Indian southern gri

Detection of multiple source locations using a glowworm metaphor with applications to collective robotics

This paper presents a glowworm swarm based algorithm that finds solutions to optimization of multiple optima continuous functions. The algorithm is a variant of a well known ant-colony optimization (ACO) technique, but with several significant modifications. Similar to how each moving region in the ACO technique is associated with a pheromone value, the agents in our algorithm carry a luminescence quantity along with them. Agents are thought of as glowworms that emit a light whose intensity is proportional to the associated luminescence and have a circular sensor range. The glowworms depend on a local-decision domain to compute their movements. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed glowworm based algorithm in capturing multiple optima of a multimodal function. The above optimization scenario solves problems where a collection of autonomous robots is used to form a mobile sensor network. In particular, we address the problem of detecting multiple sources of a general nutrient profile that is distributed spatially on a two dimensional workspace using multiple robots.

Fine Structure of the Rayleigh Line in Amorphous Substances

As is well known, when monochromatic light scattered by a liquid is examined under high resolution it exhibits a fine structure: an undisplaced central line and two lines on either side with wavelengths slightly different from that of the incident light. The appearance of the displaced components was first predicted by Brillouin1. On the basis of his theory, the observed displacements of frequency are regarded as a Doppler effect arising from the reflexion of the light wave by the progressive sound waves of thermal origin in the scattering medium. The frequency shift of the so-called Brillouin components is given by the formula where nu and c are the velocities of sound and light in the medium and theta is the angle of scattering. That the effect contemplated by Brillouin does arise in liquids and crystals is now a well-established experimental fact.

Analysis of multiple crystal forms of Bacillus subtilis BacB suggests a role for a metal ion as a nucleant for crystallization

Bacillus subtilis BacB is an oxidase that is involved in the production of the antibiotic bacilysin. This protein contains two double-stranded beta-helix (cupin) domains fused in a compact arrangement. BacB crystallizes in three crystal forms under similar crystallization conditions. An interesting observation was that a slight perturbation of the crystallization droplet resulted in the nucleation of a different crystal form. An X-ray absorption scan of BacB suggested the presence of cobalt and iron in the crystal. Here, a comparative analysis of the different crystal forms of BacB is presented in an effort to identify the basis for the different lattices. It is noted that metal ions mediating interactions across the asymmetric unit dominate the different packing arrangements. Furthermore, a normalized B-factor analysis of all the crystal structures suggests that the solvent-exposed metal ions decrease the flexibility of a loop segment, perhaps influencing the choice of crystal form. The residues coordinating the surface metal ion are similar in the triclinic and monoclinic crystal forms. The coordinating ligands for the corresponding metal ion in the tetragonal crystal form are different, leading to a tighter packing arrangement. Although BacB is a monomer in solution, a dimer of BacB serves as a template on which higher order symmetrical arrangements are formed. The different crystal forms of BacB thus provide experimental evidence for metal-ion-mediated lattice formation and crystal packing.

Identification of Specific DNA Binding Residues in the TCP Family of Transcription Factors in Arabidopsis

The TCP transcription factors control multiple developmental traits in diverse plant species. Members of this family share an similar to 60-residue-long TCP domain that binds to DNA. The TCP domain is predicted to form a basic helix-loop-helix ( bHLH) structure but shares little sequence similarity with canonical bHLH domain. This classifies the TCP domain as a novel class of DNA binding domain specific to the plant kingdom. Little is known about how the TCP domain interacts with its target DNA. We report biochemical characterization and DNA binding properties of a TCP member in Arabidopsis thaliana, TCP4. We have shown that the 58-residue domain of TCP4 is essential and sufficient for binding to DNA and possesses DNA binding parameters comparable to canonical bHLH proteins. Using a yeast-based random mutagenesis screen and site-directed mutants, we identified the residues important for DNA binding and dimer formation. Mutants defective in binding and dimerization failed to rescue the phenotype of an Arabidopsis line lacking the endogenous TCP4 activity. By combining structure prediction, functional characterization of the mutants, and molecular modeling, we suggest a possible DNA binding mechanism for this class of transcription factors.

Positional dependence of material flow in friction stir welding: analysis of joint line remnant and its relevance to dissimilar metal welding

Understanding material flow in friction stir welding is important for production of sound dissimilar metal welding that control the intermixing of two alloys being welded and consequent formation of new constituents which influences the weld properties. In the present experimental investigation material flow patterns are visualised using dissimilar and similar aluminium alloys using a simple innovative ,experiment. The experimental results reveal that only a portion of material transported from the leading edge undergoes chaotic flow and the remaining is deposited systematically in the trailing edge of the weld. Using this information it is shown that the formation of a friction stir welding defect, joint line remnant, does not occur only when the weld interface is on the advancing side. The material flow visualisation study has been utilised to analyse the mechanism of weld formation and its usefulness in improving fatigue properties and for dissimilar metal welds.

Molecular Caches: A caching structure for dynamic creation of application-specific Heterogeneous cache regions

CMPs enable simultaneous execution of multiple applications on the same platforms that share cache resources. Diversity in the cache access patterns of these simultaneously executing applications can potentially trigger inter-application interference, leading to cache pollution. Whereas a large cache can ameliorate this problem, the issues of larger power consumption with increasing cache size, amplified at sub-100nm technologies, makes this solution prohibitive. In this paper in order to address the issues relating to power-aware performance of caches, we propose a caching structure that addresses the following: 1. Definition of application-specific cache partitions as an aggregation of caching units (molecules). The parameters of each molecule namely size, associativity and line size are chosen so that the power consumed by it and access time are optimal for the given technology. 2. Application-Specific resizing of cache partitions with variable and adaptive associativity per cache line, way size and variable line size. 3. A replacement policy that is transparent to the partition in terms of size, heterogeneity in associativity and line size. Through simulation studies we establish the superiority of molecular cache (caches built as aggregations of molecules) that offers a 29% power advantage over that of an equivalently performing traditional cache.

An intelligent approach using support vector machines for monitoring and identification of faults on transmission systems

Power system disturbances are often caused by faults on transmission lines. When faults occur in a power system, the protective relays detect the fault and initiate tripping of appropriate circuit breakers, which isolate the affected part from the rest of the power system. Generally Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission substations in power systems are connected with multiple transmission lines to neighboring substations. In some cases mal-operation of relays can happen under varying operating conditions, because of inappropriate coordination of relay settings. Due to these actions the power system margins for contingencies are decreasing. Hence, power system protective relaying reliability becomes increasingly important. In this paper an approach is presented using Support Vector Machine (SVM) as an intelligent tool for identifying the faulted line that is emanating from a substation and finding the distance from the substation. Results on 24-bus equivalent EHV system, part of Indian southern grid, are presented for illustration purpose. This approach is particularly important to avoid mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation and assuring secure operation of the power systems.