High temperature phase chemistry of system Eu-Pd-O

An isothermal section of the phase diagram for the system Eu - Pd - O at 1223 K has been established by equilibration of samples representing 20 different compositions, and phase identification after quenching by optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Three ternary oxides, Eu4PdO7, Eu2PdO4, and Eu2Pd2O5, were identified. Liquid alloys and the intermetallic compounds EuPd2 and EuPd3 were found to be in equilibrium with EuO. The compound EuPd3 was also found to coexist separately with Eu3O4 and Eu2O3. The oxide phase in equilibrium with EuPd5 and Pd rich solid solution was Eu2O3. Based on the phase relations, four solid state cells were designed to measure the Gibbs energies of formation of the three ternary oxides in the temperature range from 925 to 1350 K. Although three cells are sufficient to obtain the properties of the three compounds, the fourth cell was deployed to crosscheck the data. An advanced version of the solid state cell incorporating a buffer electrode with yttria stabilised zirconia solid electrolyte and pure oxygen gas at a pressure of 0.1 MPa as the reference electrode was used for high temperature thermodynamic measurements. Equations for the standard Gibbs energy of formation of the interoxide compounds from their component binary oxides Eu2O3 with C type structure and PdO have been established. Based on the thermodynamic information, isothermal chemical potential diagrams and isobaric phase diagrams for the system Eu - Pd - O have been developed.

Organometallic chemistry of chiral diphosphazane ligands: Synthesis and structural characterisation

The diphosphazane ligands of the type, (C20H12O2)PN(R)P(E)Y2 (R = CHMe2 or (S)-*CHMePh; E = lone pair or S; Y2 = O2C20H12 or Y = OC6H5 or OC6H4Me-4 or OC6H4OMe-4 or OC6H4But-4 or C6H5) bearing axially chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxy moiety have been synthesised. The structure and absolute configuration of a diastereomeric palladium complex, [PdCl2{ηsu2}-((O2C20H12)PN((S)-*CHMePh)PPh2] has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The reactions of [CpRu(PPh3)2Cl] with various symmetrical and unsymmetrical diphosphazanes of the type, X2PN(R)PYY′ (R = CHMe2 or (S)-*CHMePh; X = C6H5 or X2 = O2C20H12; Y=Y′= C6H5 or Y = C6H5, Y′ = OC6H4Me-4 or OC6H3Me2-3,5 or N2C3HMe2-3,5) yield several diastereomeric neutral or cationic half-sandwich ruthenium complexes which contain a stereogenic metal center. In one case, the absolute configuration of a trichiral ruthenium complex, viz. [Cp*Ruη2-Ph2PN((S)-*CHMePh)*PPh (N2C3HMe2-3,5)Cl] is established by X-ray diffraction. The reactions of Ru3(CO)12 with the diphosphazanes (C20H12O2)PN(R)PY2 (R = CHMe2orMe; Y2=O2C20H12or Y= OC6H5 or OC6H4Me-4 or OC6H4OMe-4 or OC6H4But-4 or C6H5) yield the triruthenium clusters [Ru3(CO)10{η-(O2C20H12)PN(R)PY2}], in which the diphosphazane ligand bridges two metal centres. Palladium allyl chemistry of some of these chiral ligands has been investigated. The structures of isomeric η3-allyl palladium complexes, [Pd(η3-l,3-R′2-C3H3){η2-(rac)-(02C20H12)PN(CHMe2)PY2}](PF6) (R′ = Me or Ph; Y = C6H5 or OC6H5) have been elucidated by high field two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies.

Organometallic chemistry of diphosphazanes. Part 15. Half-sandwich cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes of achiral and chiral diphosphazanes

Reaction of [CpRu(PPh3)(2)Cl] (1) {Cp = eta(5)-(C5H5)} with X2PN(CHMe2) PYY' {X = Y = Y' = Ph (L-1); X = Y = Ph, Y' = OC6H4Me-4 (L-4); X = Y = Ph, Y' = OC6H3Me2- 3,5 (L-5); X = Y = Ph, Y' = N2C3HMe2 (L-6)} yields the cationic chelate complexes, [CpRu(eta(2)-(X2PN(CHMe2) PYY')) PPh3] Cl. On the other hand, the reaction of 1 with X2PN(CHMe2)PYY' {X = Ph, YY' = O2C6H4(L-3)} gives the complex, [CpRu(eta(1)-L-2)(2)PPh3] Cl. Both types of complexes are formed with X2PN(CHMe2) PYY' {X = Ph, YY' = O2C6H4 (L-3)}. The reaction of 1 with (R),(S)-(H12C20O2) PN(CHMe2) PPh2 (L-7) yields both cationic and neutral complexes, [CpRu{eta(2)-(L-7)} PPh3] Cl and [CpRu{eta(1)-(L-7)}(2)PPh3] Cl and [CpRu{eta(2)-(L-7)}Cl]. The reactions of optically pure diphosphazane, Ph2PN(*CHMePh) PPhY (Y = Ph (L-8); Y = N2C3HMe2-3,5 (L-9)) with 1 give the neutral and cationic ruthenium complexes, [CpRu{eta(2)-(Ph2PN(R) PPhY)} Cl] and [CpRu{eta(2)-(Ph2PN(R)PPhY)} PPh3] Cl. "Chiral-at-metal" ruthenium complexes of diphosphazanes have been synthesized with high diastereoselectivity. The absolute configuration of a novel ruthenium complex, (SCSPRRu)-[(eta(5)-C5H5) Ru*{eta(2)-(Ph2PN(*CHMePh)P*Ph( N2C3HMe2-3,5))} Cl] possessing three chiral centers, is established by X-ray crystallography. The reactions of [CpRu{eta(2)-(L-8)} Cl] with mono or diphosphanes in the presence of NH4PF6 yield the cationic complexes, [CpRu{eta(2)-(L-8)}{eta(1)-(P)}] PF6 {P = P(OMe)(3), PPh3, Ph2P(CH2)(n)PPh2 (n = 1 or 2)}.

A Single-Crystal Study Of The Defect Chemistry And Transport-Properties Of Silver Selenide, Ag2+Delta-Se

Electronic and ionic conductivities of silver selenide crystal (Ag$_2+\delta$ Se) have been measured over a range of stoichiometry through the $\alpha - \beta$ transition by using solid state electrochemical techniques. In the high temperature $\beta$-phase Ag$_2$Se shows metallic behaviour of electronic conductivity for high values of $\delta$; with decrease in $\delta$, the conductivity of the material exhibits a transition. The magnitude of change in electronic conductivity at the $\alpha - \beta$ transition is also determined by stoichiometry. Ionic conductivity of the $\beta$-phase does not vary significantly with stochiometry. Ionic conductivity of the $\beta$-does not vary significantly with stoichiometry. A model to explain the observed transport properties has been suggested.

10 Years of Click Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications of Ferrocene-Derived Triazoles

Click chemistry has played a significant role as a rapid and versatile strategy for conjugating two molecular fragments under very mild reaction conditions. Introduction of ferrocene-derived triazole systems using click chemistry has attracted enormous interest in various fields due to its potential applications in electrochemical techniques for detection and sensing. The present discussion focuses on the synthesis of ferrocene-triazole and the importance of using a CuAAC reaction for such conjugation. Applications of ferrocene-based click reactions in conjugate chemistry, asymmetric catalysis, medicinal chemistry, host-guest interactions, and materials chemistry have been highlighted.

Physical chemistry of mixed conducting zirconia ceramics

Suivant la pression partielle d'oxygène, la zircone peut être conducteur ionique ou électronique. Mise au point de méthodes de mesures de f.é.m. permettant de s'affranchir des sources d'erreur introduites par ces propriétés.

Physical chemistry of the reduction of calcium oxide with aluminium in vacuum

The physical chemistry of "aluminothermic" reduction of calcium oxide in vacuum is analyzed. Basic thermodynamic data required for the analysis have been generated by a variety of experiments. These include activity measurements in liquid AI-Ca alloys and determination of the Gibbs energies of formation of calcium aluminates. These data have been correlated with phase relations in the Ca-AI-0 system at 1373 K. The various stages of reduction, the end products and the corresponding equilibrium partial pressures of calcium have been established from thermodynamic considerations. In principle, the recovery of calcium can be improved by reducing the pressure in the reactor. However,, the cost of a high vacuum system and the enhanced time for reduction needed to achieve higher yields makes such a practice uneconomic. Aluminum contamination of calcium also increases at low pressures. The best compromise is to carry the reduction up to the stage where 3CaO-Al,O, is formed as the product. This corresponds to an equilibrium calcium partial pressure of 31.3 Pa at 1373 K and 91.6 Pa at 1460 K. Calcium can be extracted at this pressure using mechanical pumps in approximately 8 to 15 hr, depending on the size and the fill ratio of the retort and porosity of the charge briquettes.