Least path criterion (LPC) for unique indexing in a two-dimensional decagonal quasilattice

The least path criterion or least path length in the context of redundant basis vector systems is discussed and a mathematical proof is presented of the uniqueness of indices obtained by applying the least path criterion. Though the method has greater generality, this paper concentrates on the two-dimensional decagonal lattice. The order of redundancy is also discussed; this will help eventually to correlate with other redundant but desirable indexing sets.

Effect of strain path change on the evolution of texture and microstructure during rolling of copper and nickel

The effect of strain path change during rolling has been investigated for copper and nickel using X-ray diffraction and electron back scatter diffraction as well as crystal plasticity simulations. Four different strain paths namely: (i) unidirectional rolling; (ii) reverse rolling; (iii) two-step cross rolling and (iv) multi-step cross rolling were employed to decipher the effect of strain path change on the evolution of deformation texture and microstructure. The cross rolled samples showed weaker texture with a prominent Bs {1 1 0}< 1 1 2 > and P(B(ND)) {1 1 0}< 1 1 1 > component in contrast to the unidirectional and reverse rolled samples where strong S {1 2 3}< 6 3 4 > and Cu {1 1 2}< 1 1 1 > components were formed. This was more pronounced for copper samples compared to nickel. The cross rolled samples were characterized by lower anisotropy and Taylor factor as well as less variation in Lankford parameter. Viscoplastic self-consistent simulations indicated that slip activity on higher number of octahedral slip systems can explain the weaker texture as well as reduced anisotropy in the cross rolled samples. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adaptive Filtering Technique and DSP Based Implementation for High-Speed Distance Protection

The paper presents an adaptive Fourier filtering technique and a relaying scheme based on a combination of a digital band-pass filter along with a three-sample algorithm, for applications in high-speed numerical distance protection. To enhance the performance of above-mentioned technique, a high-speed fault detector has been used. MATLAB based simulation studies show that the adaptive Fourier filtering technique provides fast tripping for near faults and security for farther faults. The digital relaying scheme based on a combination of digital band-pass filter along with three-sample data window algorithm also provides accurate and high-speed detection of faults. The paper also proposes a high performance 16-bit fixed point DSP (Texas Instruments TMS320LF2407A) processor based hardware scheme suitable for implementation of the above techniques. To evaluate the performance of the proposed relaying scheme under steady state and transient conditions, PC based menu driven relay test procedures are developed using National Instruments LabVIEW software. The test signals are generated in real time using LabVIEW compatible analog output modules. The results obtained from the simulation studies as well as hardware implementations are also presented.

The estimation of the thermodynamic properties of ternary alloys from binary data using the shortest distance composition path

A new composition path, Xi-Xj=constant, is suggested for the semi-empirical calculation of the thermodynamic properties of ternary ‘substitutional’ solutions from binary data, when the binary systems show deviations from the regular solution model. A comparison is made between the results obtained for integral and partial properties using this composition path and those calculated employing other composition paths suggested in literature. It appears that the best estimate of the ternary properties is obtained when binary data at compositions closest to the ternary composition are used.

New approach to distance relays with quadrilateral polar characteristic for e.h.v.-line protection

A new technique is presented using principles of multisignal relaying for the synthesis of a universal-type quadrilateral polar characteristic. The modus operandi consists in the determination of the phase sequence of a set of voltage phasors and the provision of a trip signal for one sequence while blocking for the other. Two versions, one using ferrite-core logic and another using transistor logic, are described in detail. The former version has the merit of simplicity and has the added advantage of not requiring any d.c. supply. The unit is flexible, as it permits independent control of the characteristic along the resistance and reactance axis through suitable adjustments of replica impedance angles. The maximum operating time is about 20ms for all switching angles, and with faults within 95% of the protected section. The maximum transient overreach is about 8%.

Calculating the Effect of Uneven Terrain on Glide Path Signals

A method for calculating the bends in the glide slope due to uneven terrain is presented. A computer program written for the purpose enables the calculation of the difference in depth of modulation (DDM) at any point, taking into account the effect of uneven terrain. Results are presented for a hypothetical case of a hill in front of the runway. The program enables us to predict the glide slope bends due to irregular terrain, so that proper selection of glide slope antenna location can be made.