Spool valve mechanism used in a 20 K Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator and its effect on the P-V diagram

The design and fabrication of a spool valve for a two-stage Gifford-McMahon cycle cryorefrigerator is described. The effect of this valve on the P-V diagram and practical methods of reducing the P-V degradation are also discussed.

The effect of bottom reflectivity on the performance of a solar pond

The reflectivity of the bottom of a solar pond increases on account of the accumulation of dirt or the presence of undissolved salt. The effect of the reflection of the solar radiation at the bottom of the pond on the seasonal performance of the pond has been studied using a three zone model. The spectral reflectivity of dirt and common salt were measured in the laboratory and used in the analysis. The results obtained from the analysis show that the presence of dirt at the bottom of the pond does not affect the performance of the pond substantially. On the other hand, the presence of undissolved salt at the bottom of the pond results in substantial deterioration of the pond performance.

Effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin on the induction and degradation of FSH and LH receptors in the granulosa cell of the immature rat

The relative induction of FSH and LH receptors in the granulosa cells of immature rat ovary by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) has been studied. A single injection of PMSG (15 IU) brought about a 3- and 12-fold increase in FSH and LH receptor concentration,respectively, in the granulosa cells. Maximal concentration was reached by 72 h but the receptor levels showed a sharp decline during the next 24–48 h. The kinetic properties of the newly formed FSH receptors were indistinguishable from the pre-existing ones. The induced FSH receptors were functional as demonstrated by an increase in the in vitro responsiveness of the cells to exogenous FSH in terms of progesterone production. Treatment of immature rats with cyanoketone, an inhibitor of Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, prior to PMSG injection effectively reduced the PMSG-stimulated increase in the serum estradiol, uterine weight and LH receptors but had no effect on the FSH receptor induction. The ability of PMSG to induce gonadotropin receptors can be arrested at any given time by injecting its antibody, thereby suggesting a continuous need for the hormonal inducer. Estrogen in the absence of the primary inducer was unable to maintain the induced LH and FSH receptor concentration. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis using indomethacin also had no effect on either the induction or degradation of gonadotropin receptors. Administration of PMSG antiserum, 48 h after PMSG injection, brought about a rapid decline in the induced receptors over the next 24 h, with a rate constant and \iota 1/2 of 0.078 h−1 and 8.9 h for FSH receptors and 0.086 h−1 and 8.0 h for the LH receptors, respectively.

Effect of pressure on the electrical resistivity of indium sulphide

Indium sulphide (INS) is a III-VI compound semiconductor and crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with a space group D~(Pmnn). The lattice parameters at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are: a = 3.944 A, b = 4.447 A and c= 10.648#, [1, 2]. The crystal structure comprises an ethane-like SalnlnS3 atomic arrangement;the SalnInS3 groups are mutually linked by sharing S corners and form a three-dimensional network.

Effect of polymer coating on the thermal decomposition of composite propellant oxidizers

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) has been coated with polystyrene (PS), cellulose acetate (CA), Novolak resin and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by a solvent/nonsolvent method which makes use of the coacervation principle. The effect of polymer coating on AP decomposition has been studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Polymer coating results in the desensitization of AP decomposition. The observed effect has been attributed to the thermophysical and thermochemical properties of the polymer used for coating. The effect of polystyrene coating on thermal decomposition of aluminium perchlorate trihydrazinate and ammonium nitrate as well as on the combustion of AP-CTPB composite propellants has been studied.

Effect of pressure on the resistivity of lead oxide-lead halide glasses

Resistivity behaviour of PbO---PbX2 (X=F,Cl) glasses has been investigated as a function of pressure at laboratory temperature. All PbO---PbX2 glasses undergo crystallization under pressure and the resistivities of crystallized samples are lower than the corresponding glasses. Transitions in PbO---PbF2 glasses exhibit a first order behaviour while transitions in PbO---PbCl2 glasses possess features of a continuous transition. The differences in the pressure behaviour of the two glass systems have been attributed to the differences in the ionic sizes of F− and Cl− ions and also to pressure induced modifications of Pb---O bonding.

Phase transition in ammonium aluminium and ammonium chromium alums-A high pressure EPR study

An investigation of the phase transitions at high pressures in the alums mentioned in the title has been carried out using EPR of the Cr3+ ion (at the trivalent metal ion site). It is observed that at ambient as well as at high pressures there is a change of slope in the linear variations of the zero field splitting with temperature and that the low temperature phase is characterised by a large number of lines in the EPR spectra. The transition temperature shows a large positive shift with pressure, for both the alums. All these facts are explained in terms of our model of the origin of the trigonal field at the trivalent metal ion site as well as the details of the motion of NH4+ ion.

Effect of Temperature Variation on Sister Chromatid Exchange Frequency in Cultured Human Lymphocytes

The effect of temperature variation on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in human lymphocytes was studied. An increase as well as decrease in incubation temperature of cells leads to a higher frequency of sister chromatid exchanges than in cultures grown at 37°C. In addition, it was observed that mitotic: index and cell cycle duration were affected by low temperature.

X-ray Studies on Crystalline Complexes Involving Amino Acids and Peptides. XIII. Effect of Chirality on Molecular Aggregation: The Crystal Structures of L-Arginine D-Aspartate and L-Arginine D-Glutamate Trihydrate

The crystal structures of (1) L-arginine D-asparate, C6HIsN40~.C4H6NO4 [triclinic, P1, a=5.239(1), b=9.544(1), c=14.064(2)A, a=85"58(1), /3=88.73 (1), ~/=84.35 (1) °, Z=2] and (2) L-arginine D-glutamate trihydrate, C6H15N40~-.CsHsNO4.3H20 [monoclinic, P2~, a=9.968(2), b=4.652(1), c=19.930 (2) A, fl = 101.20 (1) °, Z = 2] have been determined using direct methods. They have been refined to R =0.042 and 0.048 for 2829 and 2035 unique reflections respectively [I>2cr(I)]. The conformations of the two arginine molecules in the aspartate complex are different from those observed so far in the crystal structures of arginine, its salts and complexes. In both complexes, the molecules are organized into double layers stacked along the longest axis. The core of each double layer consists of two parallel sheets made up of main-chain atoms, each involving both types of molecules. The hydrogen bonds within each sheet and those that interconnect the two sheets give rise to EL-, DD- and DE-type head-to-tail sequences. Adjacent double layers in (1) are held together by side-chain-side-chain interactions whereas those in (2) are interconnected through an extensive network of water molecules which interact with sidechain guanidyl and carboxylate groups. The aggregation pattern observed in the two LD complexes is fundamentally different from that found in the corresponding EL complexes.

Effect of inter-edge Coulomb interactions on transport through a point contact in nu=5/2 quantum Hall state

We study transport across a point contact separating two line junctions in a nu = 5/2 quantum Hall system. We analyze the effect of inter-edge Coulomb interactions between the chiral bosonic edge modes of the half-filled Landau level (assuming a Pfaffian wave function for the half-filled state) and of the two fully filled Landau levels. In the presence of inter-edge Coulomb interactions between all the six edges participating in the line junction, we show that the stable fixed point corresponds to a point contact that is neither fully opaque nor fully transparent. Remarkably, this fixed point represents a situation where the half-filled level is fully transmitting, while the two filled levels are completely backscattered; hence the fixed point Hall conductance is given by G(H) = 1/2e(2)/h. We predict the non-universal temperature power laws by which the system approaches the stable fixed point from the two unstable fixed points corresponding to the fully connected case (G(H) = 5/2e(2)/h) and the fully disconnected case (G(H) = 0).

The Origin of Regioselectivity in a-Cleavage Reactions of Cyclopropenethiones: Potential Role of Pseudo-Jahn-Teller Effect in Substituted Cyclopropenyl Systems

Arylalkylcyclopropenethiones undergo highly regioselective photochemical a-cleavage via thioketene carbene intermediates, giving rise to products derived from the less stabilized carbene. UHF MIND0/3 calculations provide an insight into this unexpected regioselectivity. The nx* triplet of cyclopropenethione is calculated to have a highly unsymmetrical geometry with an elongated C-C bond, a delocalized thiaaUyl fragment, and a pyramidal radicaloid carbon (which eventually becomes the carbene center). From this molecular electronic structure, aryl group stabilization is expected to be more effective at the thiaallyl group rather than at the pyramidal radical center. Thus, the stability of the substituted triplet thione rather than that of the thioketene carbene determines the preferred regiochemistry of cleavage. The unusual structure of the cyclopropenethione triplet is suggested to be related to one of the Jahn-Teller distorted forms of the cyclopropenyl radical. An alternative symmetrical structure is adopted by the corresponding triplet of cyclopropenone, partly accounting for its differing photobehavior. A similar structural dichotomy is demonstrated for the corresponding radical anions as well.

Effect of radiation on the Peierls transition

The effect of radiation on the Peierls transition in a one-dimensional metal is investigated. It is pointed out that an external radiation field satisfying appropriate frequency conditions reduces the width of the Peierls gap.

Experimental evidence of the kinematic Cosserat effect in dense granular flows

To capture shear localization in the flow of dense granular materials in a continuum description, it has earlier been proposed that granular materials be treated as Cosserat, or micropolar, continua. Here, we provide experimental verification of the kinematic Cosserat effect, or the deviation of the particle spin from the material spin induced by the velocity gradient. Contrary to earlier belief, we find this effect to be sizable even outside the shear layers. Remarkably, the particles and material elements spin in opposite directions in flow through a hopper.

Expression of Cytochrome P-450 and Albumin Genes in Rat Liver: Effect of Xenobioticst

Thioacetamide, a hepatocarcinogen and an inhibitor of heme synthesis, blocks the phenobarbitone- mediated increase in the transcription of cytochrome P-450b+e messenger RNA in rat liver. This property is also shared by CoCl, and 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole, two other inhibitors of heme synthesis. Thus, it appears feasible that heme may serve as a positive regulator of cytochrome P-450b+e gene transcription. Thioacetamide enhances albumin messenger RNA concentration, whereas phenobarbitone decreases the same. However, these changes in albumin messenger RNA concentration are not accompanied by corresponding changes in the transcription rates. Therefore, drug-mediated changes in albumin messenger RNA concentration are due to posttranscriptional regulation. The property of thioacetamide to enhance the albumin messenger RNA concentration is not shared by CoC1, and 3-amino- 1,2,4-triazole. Therefore, heme does not appear to be a regulatory molecule mediating the reciprocal changes brought about in the concentrations of cytochrome P-450b+e and albumin messenger RNAs.