Structural, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties of Microwave-Sintered Cr3+-Doped Sr Hexaferrites

SrCrxFe12-xO19 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9) hexaferrites were prepared by a microwave-hydrothermal method and subsequently sintered at 950 degrees C for 90 min using the microwave sintering method. The results show that, with increasing Cr3+ content, the lattice parameters changed anisotropically. The average grain sizes of sintered samples were in the range of 280 nm to 660 nm. The saturation magnetization systematically decreased with increasing Cr3+ doping, but the coercivity values increased. The electrical resistivity (log rho) decreased linearly with increasing temperature up to a certain temperature known as the transition temperature (T-c), and T-c decreased with further increase (x>0.5) of the Cr3+ content. This decrease in log rho and the activation energy (E-g) is due to electron hopping and occupancy of doped ions at different lattice sites. We found that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss for all the samples decreased with the Cr3+ content. The structural, magnetic, and electrical properties of Cr3+-doped SrFe12O19 hexaferrites have thus been investigated.

Ferrimagnetism and magnetic phase separation in Nd1-xYxMnO3 studied by magnetization and high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance

Ferrimagnetism and metamagnetic features tunable by composition are observed in the magnetic response of Nd1-xYxMnO3, for x=0.1-0.5. For all values of x in the series, the compound crystallizes in orthorhombic Pbnm space group similar to NdMnO3. Magnetization studies reveal a phase transition of the Mn-sublattice below T-N(Mn) approximate to 80 K for all compositions, which, decreases up on diluting the Nd-site with Yttrium. For x=0.35, ferrimagnetism is observed. At 5 K, metamagnetic transition is observed for all compositions x < 0.4. The evolution of magnetic ground states and appearance of ferrimagnetism in Nd1-xYxMnO3 can be accounted for by invoking the scenario of magnetic phase separation. The high frequency electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on x=0.4 sample, which is close to the critical composition for phase separation, revealed complex temperature dependent lineshapes clearly supporting the assumption of magnetic phase separation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evolution of deformation texture and magnetic properties in a nanocrystalline nickel-20 wt% cobalt alloy

The evolution of crystallographic texture in a nanocrystalline nickel-20 wt% cobalt alloy has been investigated for deformation up to large strains. The effect of texture on magnetic properties has been evaluated. The material shows characteristic copper-type texture at large strain levels. Microstructural examinations indicate that the evolution of texture is assisted by deformation-induced grain growth. The values of saturation magnetization and coercivity have been correlated with the crystallographic texture and grain size. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A strongly coupled anisotropic fluid from dilaton driven holography

We consider a system consisting of 5 dimensional gravity with a negative cosmological constant coupled to a massless scalar, the dilaton. We construct a black brane solution which arises when the dilaton satisfies linearly varying boundary conditions in the asymptotically AdS(5) region. The geometry of this black brane breaks rotational symmetry while preserving translational invariance and corresponds to an anisotropic phase of the system. Close to extremality, where the anisotropy is big compared to the temperature, some components of the viscosity tensor become parametrically small compared to the entropy density. We study the quasi normal modes in considerable detail and find no instability close to extremality. We also obtain the equations for fluid mechanics for an anisotropic driven system in general, working upto first order in the derivative expansion for the stress tensor, and identify additional transport coefficients which appear in the constitutive relation. For the fluid of interest we find that the parametrically small viscosity can result in a very small force of friction, when the fluid is enclosed between appropriately oriented parallel plates moving with a relative velocity.

Structural, magnetic and electrochemical investigation of novel binary Na2-x(Fe1-yMny)P2O7 (0 <= y <= 1) pyrophosphate compounds for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

Pyrophosphate cathodes have been recently reported as a competent family of insertion compounds for sodium-ion batteries. In the current study, we have investigated the binary Na2 - x(Fe1 - yMny)P2O7 (0 <= y <= 1) pyrophosphate family, synthesized by the classical solid-state method. They form a continuous solid solution maintaining triclinic P-1 (#2) symmetry. The local structural coordination differs mainly by different degrees of Na site occupancy and preferential occupation of the Fe2 site by Mn. The structural and magnetic properties of these mixed-metal pyrophosphate phases have been studied. In each case, complete Fe3+/Fe2+ redox activity has been obtained centered at 3 V vs. Na. The Fe3+/Fe2+ redox process involves multiple steps between 2.5 and 3 V owing to Na-cation ordering during electrochemical cycling, which merge to form a broad single Fe3+/Fe2+ redox peak upon progressive Mn-doping. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphological Evolution in Air-Stable Metallic Iron Nanostructures and Their Magnetic Study

Iron nanostructures with morphology ranging from discrete nanoparticles to nearly monodisperse hierarchical nanostructures have been successfully synthesized using solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method. Such a morphological evolution was realized by tuning the molar ratio of ligand to metal. Surface energy minimization in confluence with strong magnetic interactions and ligand-based stabilization results in the formation of nanospheres of iron. The as-prepared amorphous iron nanostructures exhibit remarkably high coercivity in comparison to the discrete nanoparticles and bulk counterpart. Annealing the as-prepared amorphous Fe nanostructures under anaerobic conditions affords air-stable carbon-encapsulated Fe(0) and Fe3C nanostructures with retention of the morphology. The resulting nanostructures were thoroughly analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. TGA brought out that Fe3C nanostructures are more robust toward oxidation than those of a-Fe. Finally, detailed magnetic studies were carried out by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer and it was found that the magnetic properties remain conserved even upon exposure of the annealed samples to ambient conditions for months.

Wall-mode instability in plane shear flow of viscoelastic fluid over a deformable solid

The linear stability analysis of a plane Couette flow of an Oldroyd-B viscoelastic fluid past a flexible solid medium is carried out to investigate the role of polymer addition in the stability behavior. The system consists of a viscoelastic fluid layer of thickness R, density rho, viscosity eta, relaxation time lambda, and retardation time beta lambda flowing past a linear elastic solid medium of thickness HR, density rho, and shear modulus G. The emphasis is on the high-Reynolds-number wall-mode instability, which has recently been shown in experiments to destabilize the laminar flow of Newtonian fluids in soft-walled tubes and channels at a significantly lower Reynolds number than that for flows in rigid conduits. For Newtonian fluids, the linear stability studies have shown that the wall modes become unstable when flow Reynolds number exceeds a certain critical value Re c which scales as Sigma(3/4), where Reynolds number Re = rho VR/eta, V is the top-plate velocity, and dimensionless parameter Sigma = rho GR(2)/eta(2) characterizes the fluid-solid system. For high-Reynolds-number flow, the addition of polymer tends to decrease the critical Reynolds number in comparison to that for the Newtonian fluid, indicating a destabilizing role for fluid viscoelasticity. Numerical calculations show that the critical Reynolds number could be decreased by up to a factor of 10 by the addition of small amount of polymer. The critical Reynolds number follows the same scaling Re-c similar to Sigma(3/4) as the wall modes for a Newtonian fluid for very high Reynolds number. However, for moderate Reynolds number, there exists a narrow region in beta-H parametric space, corresponding to very dilute polymer solution (0.9 less than or similar to beta < 1) and thin solids (H less than or similar to 1.1), in which the addition of polymer tends to increase the critical Reynolds number in comparison to the Newtonian fluid. Thus, Reynolds number and polymer properties can be tailored to either increase or decrease the critical Reynolds number for unstable modes, thus providing an additional degree of control over the laminar-turbulent transition.

Domain size correlated magnetic properties and electrical impedance of size dependent nickel ferrite nanoparticles

We report here the investigations on the size dependent variation of magnetic properties of nickel ferrite nanoparticles. Nickel ferrite nanoparticles of different sizes (14 to 22 nm) were prepared by the sol-gel route at different annealing temperatures. They are characterized by TGA-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy techniques for the confirmation of the temperature of phase formation, thermal stability, crystallinity, morphology and structural status of the nickel ferrite nanoparticles. The magnetization studies revealed that the saturation magnetization (M-s), retentivity (M-r) increase, while coercivity (H-c) and anisotropy (K-eff) decrease as the particle size increases. The observed value of M-s is found to be relatively higher for a particle size of 22 nm. In addition, we have estimated the magnetic domain size using magnetic data and correlated to the average particle size. The calculated magnetic domain size is closely matching with the particle size estimated from XRD. Impedance spectroscopy was employed to study the samples in an equivalent circuit to understand their transport phenomena. It shows that nickel ferrite nanoparticles exhibit a non-Debye behavior with increasing particle size due to the influence of increasing disorders, surface effects, grain size and grain boundaries, etc. (C) 2015 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

The Relationship Between Solar Coronal X-Ray Brightness and Active Region Magnetic Fields: A Study Using High-Resolution Hinode Observations

By using high-resolution observations of nearly co-temporal and co-spatial Solar Optical Telescope spectropolarimeter and X-Ray Telescope coronal X-ray data onboard Hinode, we revisit the problematic relationship between global magnetic quantities and coronal X-ray brightness. Co-aligned vector magnetogram and X-ray data were used for this study. The total X-ray brightness over active regions is well correlated with integrated magnetic quantities such as the total unsigned magnetic flux, the total unsigned vertical current, and the area-integrated square of the vertical and horizontal magnetic fields. On accounting for the inter-dependence of the magnetic quantities, we inferred that the total magnetic flux is the primary determinant of the observed integrated X-ray brightness. Our observations indicate that a stronger coronal X-ray flux is not related to a higher non-potentiality of active-region magnetic fields. The data even suggest a slightly negative correlation between X-ray brightness and a proxy of active-region non-potentiality. Although there are small numerical differences in the established correlations, the main conclusions are qualitatively consistent over two different X-ray filters, the Al-poly and Ti-poly filters, which confirms the strength of our conclusions and validate and extend earlier studies that used low-resolution data. We discuss the implications of our results and the constraints they set on theories of solar coronal heating.

Magnetic frustration and dielectric relaxation in insulating Nd2NiMnO6 double perovskites

We have investigated structural, dielectric, and magnetic properties of polycrystalline double perovskite Nd2NiMnO6 compound. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic P2(1)/n symmetry and is partially B-site disordered depending on the synthesis conditions. It undergoes second-order ferromagnetic transition at 192K and shows glassy behaviour at low temperature. The glassy phase is due to anti-site disorder within the homogeneous sample. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric measurements reveal colossal values of dielectric constant and is best interpreted using Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization model. Impedance spectroscopy has been used to analyse the intrinsic dielectric response. This enabled us to differentiate the conduction process at the grain and grain boundaries. Arrhenius behaviour is favoured at the grain boundary, while variable range hopping mechanism is considered most suitable within the grain region. dc conductivity measurements corroborate variable range hopping conduction. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Role of boron diffusion in CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions

Several scientific issues concerning the latest generation read heads for magnetic storage devices, based on CoFeB/MgO/CoFeBmagnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are known to be controversial, including such fundamental questions as to the behavior and the role of B in optimizing the physical properties of these devices. Quantitatively establishing the internal structures of several such devices with different annealing conditions using hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we resolve these controversies and establish that the B diffusion is controlled by the capping Ta layer, though Ta is physically separated from the layer with B by several nanometers. While explaining this unusual phenomenon, we also provide insight into why the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) is optimized at an intermediate annealing temperature, relating it to B diffusion, coupled with our studies based on x-ray diffraction and magnetic studies.

A magnetic micro-manipulator for application of three dimensional forces

Magnetic manipulation finds diverse applications in actuation, characterization, and manipulation of micro-and nano-scale samples. This paper presents the design and development of a novel magnetic micro-manipulator for application of three-dimensional forces on a magnetic micro-bead. A simple analytical model is proposed to obtain the forces of interaction between the magnetic micromanipulator and a magnetic micro-bead. Subsequently, guidelines are proposed to perform systematic design and analysis of the micro-manipulator. The designed micro-manipulator is fabricated and evaluated. The manipulator is experimentally demonstrated to possess an electrical bandwidth of about 1 MHz. The ability of the micro-manipulator to apply both in-plane and out-of-plane forces is demonstrated by actuating permanent-magnet micro-beads attached to micro-cantilever beams. The deformations of the micro-cantilevers are also employed to calibrate the dependence of in-plane and out-of-plane forces on the position of the micro-bead relative to the micro-manipulator. The experimentally obtained dependences are found to agree well with theory. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Multifunctional magnetic reduced graphene oxide dendrites: Synthesis, characterization and their applications

In this paper, for the first time, we have reported the novel synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) dendrite kind of nanomaterial. The proposed r-GO dendrite possesses multifunctional properties in various fields of sensing and separation. The dendrite was synthesized by chemical reaction in different steps. Initially, the r-GO sheet was conjugated with silane group modified magnetic nanoparticle, resulting in nanoparticle decorated r-GO. The above r-GO sheet was further reacted with a new r-GO sheet, resulting in the formation of r-GO dendrite type of structure. Multifunctional behavior of this r-GO dendrite structure was studied by different methods. First, magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and it was found that dendrite structure shows good magnetic susceptibility (180.2 emu/g). The proposed r-GO dendrite also shows a very good antibacterial behavior for Escherichia coli and excellent electrochemical behavior towards ferrocyanide probe molecule. Along with these, it also acts as a substrate for the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer for europium metal ion, a lanthanide. The proposed imprinted sensor shows a very high selectivity and sensitivity for europium metal ion (limit of detection= 0.019 mu g L-1) in aqueous as well as real samples. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Ni-Zr codoping on dielectric and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19 via sol-gel route

Nanocrystalline strontium hexaferrites SrFe12-2x (Ni2+-Zr4+)(x)O-19] nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sal gel process. For densification the powders were sintered at 950 degrees C/4 h. The sintered samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area measurement, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The lattice parameter a is almost constant but c increased with x upto 0.8 and then decreased. The frequency dependent complex permittivity (epsilon and epsilon `' and permeability (mu' and mu `') and magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization (M-s), coercive field (H-c) were studied. If is observed that saturation magnetization increased gradually from 57.82 emuig to 67.2 emufg as x increased from 0.2 to 0.4 and then decreased from 672 emufg to 31.63 ernufg for x=1.0. In present study, x=0.4 shows high value of M-s 67.2 emu/g. The real part of permittivity (epsilon') remains constant upto a frequency 1 GHz and increases further with an increase of frequency, a resonance and anti resonance peak was observed above 1 GHz for all the samples. In real part of permeability (mu') the relaxation frequency is observed above 1 GHz for all the samples and it is attributed to the domain wall motion. It is well known that the permeability for polycrystalline ferrites can be described as the superposition of two different magnetizing mechanisms: spin rotation and domain wall motion. These low coercive strontium hexaferrites are suitable for magnetic recording applications in hard disks, floppy disks, video tapes, etc. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fully developed thermal transport in combined pressure and electroosmotically driven flow of nanofluid in a microchannel under the effect of a magnetic field

This paper critically analyzes, for the first time, the effect of nanofluid on thermally fully developed magnetohydrodynamic flows through microchannel, by considering combined effects of externally applied pressure gradient and electroosmosis. The classical boundary condition of uniform wall heat flux is considered, and the effects of viscous dissipation as well as Joule heating have been taken into account. Closed-form analytical expressions for the pertinent velocity and temperature distributions and the Nusselt number variations are obtained, in order to examine the role of nanofluids in influencing the fully developed thermal transport in electroosmotic microflows under the effect of magnetic field. Fundamental considerations are invoked to ascertain the consequences of particle agglomeration on the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. The present theoretical formalism addresses the details of the interparticle interaction kinetics in tune with the pertinent variations in the effective particulate dimensions, volume fractions of the nanoparticles, as well as the aggregate structure of the particulate system. It is revealed that the inclusion of nanofluid changes the transport characteristics and system irreversibility to a considerable extent and can have significant consequences in the design of electroosmotically actuated microfluidic systems.