Study of relaxor behavior of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-0.3PbTiO(3) thin films

Relaxor properties of polycrystalline 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-0.3PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT) thin films were studied in terms of the diffuse nature of phase transition along with the frequency dispersion of temperature (T-m) at which the dielectric constant exhibits maximum value. Existence of remnant polarization (P-r) above the phase transition temperature, which is a characteristic property of typical relaxor ferroelectric has also been observed in the present case. The films exhibited a gradual decrease of remnant polarization with increase of temperature. Among the different models of relaxor ferroelectric, Vogel-Fulcher model has been found to be suitable to describe the frequency dispersion of T-m in this case. Freezing of dipole moment with decrease of temperature was thought to be the origin of the temperature dependence of dielectric dispersion.

Synthesis and structure of La14V6CuO36.5: a transparent Cu(I) vanadate containing [OCuO](3-) sticks

The title compound, La14V6CuO36.5, was prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of La2O3,V2O5, and CuO at 1050-1080 degreesC. The compound forms transparent, pale green crystals and was characterized by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure contains isolated VO43- tetrahedra and [OCuO](3-) sticks dispersed in a lanthanum oxide network. Films of La14V6CuO36.5 were grown on R-plane sapphire by using pulsed laser deposition. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses of the films showed oriented growth of the title phase, a similar to5 eV optical band gap and n-type conductivity. The compound is an example of a transparent copper(I) oxide.

The hydrolytic reactivities of N-methyl-N(methylthiomethyl)acetamide and N-acetyl-1,3-thiazolidine: the influence of the sulfur atom

The sulfur atom in the substrates leads to modest enhancements in the titled phenomena: these are essentially derived from favourable enthalpies of activation, the negative entropies of activation possibly indicating a measure of stereoelectronic control.

A layered chlorophosphate, Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)], containing Na+ ions in the interlamellar space

Reaction between CdCl2.H2O and NaH2PO4.H2O Under hydrothermal conditions gives rise to a new cadmium chlorophosphate of the formula Na-3[Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)] I. This material crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group Fmm2(no. 42). I has macroanionic layers of [Cd4Cl3(HPO4)(2)(H2PO4)(4)](3-) with Na+ ions in the interlamellar space. The discovery of such compounds suggests that metathetic reactions carried out under hydrothermal conditions may provide a novel route for the synthesis of new open-framework structures.

Thermodynamic investigation of the MOCVD of copper films from bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionato)copper(II)

Equilibrium concentrations of various condensed and gaseous phases have been thermodynamically calculated, using the free energy minimization criterion, for the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of copper films using bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptadionato)copper(II) as the precursor material. From among the many chemical species that may possibly result from the CVD process, only those expected on the basis of mass spectrometric analysis and chemical reasoning to be present at equilibrium, under different CVD conditions, are used in the thermodynamic calculations. The study predicts the deposition of pure, carbon-free copper in the inert atmosphere of argon as well as in the reactive hydrogen atmosphere, over a wide range of substrate temperatures and total reactor pressures. Thin films of copper, grown on SiO2/Si(100) substrates from this metalorganic precursor by low pressure CVD have been characterized by XRD and AES. The experimentally determined composition of CVD-grown copper films is in reasonable agreement with that predicted by thermodynamic analysis.

An infrared spectroscopic study of the low-spin to intermediate-spin state ((1)A(1)-T-3(1)) transition in rare earth cobaltates, LnCoO(3) (Ln = La, Pr and Nd)

Low-spin (LS) to intermediate-spin (IS) state transitions in crystals of LnCoO(3) (Ln = La, Pr and Nd) have been investigated by variable temperature infrared spectroscopy. The spectra reveal the occurrence of the transition around 120, 220 and 275 K, respectively, in LaCoO3,PrCoo(3) and NdCoO3, at which temperatures the intensities of the stretching and the bending modes associated with the LS state decrease, accompanied by an increase in the intensities of the bands due to IS state. The characteristic frequencies of both the spin states decrease with increase in temperature, showing anomalies around the transition. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Crystal and molecular structure of synthetic cholesterol compounds vitamin D3-analogues (I) 24(S)-hydroxy coprastan-3-one & (II) 24(R)-hydroxy coprastan-3-one

The title compound I (24-(S)-Hydroxy Coprastan-3-one) crystallises in orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with Z = 4. The unit cell dimensions are a = 6.701(2)Angstrom, b = 11.506(8)Angstrom, c = 32.183(4)Angstrom, V = 2481(2)Angstrom (3), D-cal = 1.077 Mg/m(3). The tide compound II (24-(R)-Hydroxy Coprastan-3-one) crystallises in orthorhombic space group P212121 with two molecules per assymetric unit and with Z = 8. The Unit cell dimensions are a = 10.954(2)Angstrom, b = 21.757(6)Angstrom, c = 21.130(7)Angstrom, V = 5035.0(2)Angstrom (3), D-cal = 1.062 Mg/m(3). In compound I and in both the molecules of compound II, the rings A, B & C are in chair conformation and the five membered ring D is in envelope conformation. The priority sequence attached to the chiral carbon C24 has "S" designation in compound I and "R" designation in compound II. The structures are stabilized by C-H . . .O and O-H---O hydrogen bonds.

Variable temperature x-ray crystal structure analysis of a type I langbeinite: Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3)

The structure of a type I langbeinite, Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3), displays three different phases, cubic with a = 10.378(5) Angstrom (space group P2(1)3) at room temperature, monoclinic at 120 K with a = 10.328(3), b = 10.322(3), c = 10.325(3) Angstrom, beta = 89.975(1)degrees (space group P2(1)), and orthorhombic at 85 K with a = 10.319(2), b = 10.321(2), c = 10.320(2) Angstrom (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)), respectively. Precise single-crystal analyses of these phases indicate that Rb2Cd2(SO4)(3) distorts initially from cubic to monoclinic upon cooling followed by a significant reorientation of the SO4 tetrahedra, resulting in an orthorhombic symmetry upon further cooling. The three structures have been established unequivocally using the same crystal. There is no indication of the formation of an intermediate triclinic phase or any lattice disorder as conjectured in several earlier reports on compounds belonging to the type I langbeinite. The bond valence sum analyses of the coordination around the Rb sites indicate asymmetry in the bond strengths which could be the driving force of the ferroelectric behavior in these materials.

A convenient enantiospecific methodology for (-)-(1R,5S)-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,7-dione: A formal total synthesis of (-)-ceratopicanol

An enantiospecific formal total synthesis of (-)-ceratopicanol starting from the readily and abundantly available monoterpene (R)-limonene is described. A combination of Claisen rearrangement-intramolecular diazo-ketone cyclopropanation-regiospecific reductive cyclopropane cleavage reactions are employed for the stereo- and regiospecific generation of the two vicinal ring junction quaternary carbon atoms.

Reactivity switching and selective activation of C-1 or C-3 in 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides

Reactivity switching and selective activation of C-1 or C-3 in 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides, namely, 2,3-dideoxy-1-thio-D-hex-2-enopyranosides are reported. The reactivity switching allowed activation of either C-1 or C-3, with the use of either N-iodosuccinimide (NIS)/triflic acid (TfOH) or TfOH alone. C-1 glycosylation with alcohol acceptors occurred in the presence of NIS/TfOH, without the acceptors reacting at C-3. On the other hand, reaction of 2,3-unsaturated thioglycosides with alcohols mediated by triflic acid led to transposition of C-1 ethylthio-moiety to C-3 intramolecularly, to form 3-ethylthio-glycals. Resulting glycals underwent glycosylation with alcohols to afford 3-ethylthio-2-deoxy glycosides. However, when thiol was used as an acceptor, only a stereoselective addition at C-3 resulted, so as to form C-1, C-3 dithio-substituted 2-deoxypyranosides. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Carrier density-dependent transport in poly(3-methylthiophene): from injection-limited to space-charge-limited current

Current-voltage (I-V) and impedance measurements were carried out in doped poly(3-methylthiophene) devices by varying the carrier density. As the carrier concentration reduces the I-V characteristics indicate that the conduction mechanism is limited by metal-polymer interface, as also observed in impedance data. The temperature dependence of I-V in moderately doped samples shows a trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC); whereas in lightly doped devices injection-limited conduction is observed at lower bias and SCLC at higher voltages. The carrier density-dependent quasi-Fermi level adjustment and trap-limited transport could explain this variation in conduction mechanism. Capacitance measurements at lower frequencies and higher bias voltages show a sign change in values due to the significant variations in the relaxation behaviour for lightly and moderately doped samples. The electrical hysteresis increases as carrier density is reduced due to the time scales involved in the de-trapping of carriers.

On the Magnetic Ground State of La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) Single Crystals

We present an extensive study on magnetic and transport properties of La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) single crystals grown by a float zone method to address the issue of phase separation versus spin-glass (SG) behavior. The dc magnetization study reveals a kink in field-cooled magnetization, and the peak in the zero-field-cooling curve shifts to lower temperature at modest dc fields, indicating the SG magnetic phase. The ac susceptibility study exhibits a considerable frequency-dependent peak shift (similar to 4 K) and a time-dependent memory effect below the freezing temperature. In addition, the characteristic time scale tau(0) estimated from the frequency-dependent ac susceptibility measurement is found to be similar to 10(-13) s, which matches well with typical values observed in canonical SG systems. The transport relaxation study evidently demonstrates the time-dependent glassy phenomena. In essence, all our experimental results corroborate the existence of SG behavior in La(0.85)Sr(0.15)CoO(3) single crystals.

Critical properties of the double-exchange ferromagnet Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3)

Results of a study of dc magnetization M(T,H), performed on a Nd(0.6)Pb(0.4)MnO(3) single crystal in the temperature range around T(C) (Curie temperature) which embraces the supposed critical region \epsilon\=\T-T(C)\/T(C)less than or equal to0.05 are reported. The magnetic data analyzed in the critical region using the Kouvel-Fisher method give the values for the T(C)=156.47+/-0.06 K and the critical exponents beta=0.374+/-0.006 (from the temperature dependence of magnetization) and gamma=1.329+/-0.003 (from the temperature dependence of initial susceptibility). The critical isotherm M(T(C),H) gives delta=4.54+/-0.10. Thus the scaling law gamma+beta=deltabeta is fulfilled. The critical exponents obey the single scaling equation of state M(H,epsilon)=epsilon(beta)f(+/-)(H/epsilon(beta+gamma)), where f(+) for T>T(C) and f(-) for T

Engineered Biferroic 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3/La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 Epitaxial Superlattices

Symmetric and asymmetric superlattices (SLs) composed of ferromagnetic La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 (LSMO) and ferroelectric 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 – 0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) with different periodicities have been fabricated on LaNiO3 (LNO) coated LaAlO3 (100) (LAO) substrates by pulsed laser ablation deposition. Structural, ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties have been studied for all the SLs. All the heterostructures exhibited good ferromagnetic response over a wide range of temperatures (10K – 300K), whereas only the asymmetric SLs exhibited reasonably good ferroelectric behaviour. Ferromagnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis loops observed in the asymmetric SLs confirmed their biferroic nature. Studies were conducted towards understanding the influence of LSMO layers on the electrical responses of the heterostructures. Absence of ferroelectricity in the symmetric SL structures has been attributed to their high leakage characteristics. Strong influence of an applied magnetic field of 1.2T was observed on the ferroelectric properties of the asymmetric SLs. The effect of magnetic field on the ferroelectric properties of the SLs indicated possibility of strong interfacial effect.

Field Induced Dielectric Properties of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 Thin Films

DC electric field induced dielectric properties of 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) thin films were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures. It was observed that the dielectric constant (ε) and dissipation factor (tanδ) were decreased in presence of bias field. The temperature of dielectric maxima was found to increase with increasing bias level. The low temperature (