Flow of metal in a wedge-shaped cavity

The wedge shape is a fairly common cross-section found in many non-axisymmetric components used in machines, aircraft, ships and automobiles. If such components are forged between two mutually inclined dies the metal displaced by the dies flows into the converging as well as into the diverging channels created by the inclined dies. The extent of each type of flow (convergent/divergent) depends on the die—material interface friction and the included die angle. Given the initial cross-section, the length as well as the exact geometry of the forged cross-section are therefore uniquely determined by these parameters. In this paper a simple stress analysis is used to predict changes in the geometry of a wedge undergoing compression between inclined platens. The flow in directions normal to the cross-section is assumed to be negligible. Experiments carried out using wedge-shaped lead billets show that, knowing the interface friction and as long as the deformation is not too large, the dimensional changes in the wedge can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. The predicted flow behaviour of metal for a wide range of die angles and interface friction is presented: these characteristics can be used by the die designer to choose the die lubricant (only) if the die angle is specified and to choose both of these parameters if there is no restriction on the exact die angle. The present work shows that the length of a wedge undergoing compression is highly sensitive to die—material interface friction. Thus in a situation where the top and bottom dies are inclined to each other, a wedge made of the material to be forged could be put between the dies and then compressed, whereupon the length of the compressed wedge — given the degree of compression — affords an estimate of the die—material interface friction.

Interaction of carbon monoxide with transition metal surfaces

XPS studies of the interaction of carbon monoxide with surfaces of Fe, Co and Ni indicate that at 300 K, the disproportionation reaction is prominent up to exposures of 103 L giving rise to high surface concentrations of carbon. At higher exposures and higher temperatures, dissociation of carbon monoxide accompanied by the formation of surface oxide layers becomes more prominent. In the case of copper, disproportionation is prominent up to 104 L even at 500 K followed by dissociation at higher exposures. These results are also supported by Auger spectroscopic studies.

Metal Chelates in Vinyl Polymerization: Kinetics and Mechanism of Acrylonitrile Polymerization Initiated by Cu(I1) Imine Complexes

The free radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by Cu(I1) 4-anilino 3-pentene 2-one [Cu(II) ANIPO] Cu(II), 4-p-toluedeno 3-pentene 2-one [Cu(II) TPO], and Cu(I1) 4-p-nitroanilino 3-pentene 2-one [Cu(II) NAPO] was studied in benzene at 50 and 60°C and in carbon tetrachloride (CCld), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and methanol (MeOH) at 60°C. Although the polymerization proceeded in a heterogeneous phase, it followed the kinetics of a homogeneous process. The monomer exponents were 22 at two different temperatures and in different solvents. The square-root dependence of R, on initiator concentration and higher monomer exponents accounted for a 1:2 complex formation between the chelate and monomer. The complex formatign was shown by ultraviolet (UV) study. The activation energies, kinetics, and chain transfer constants were also evaluated.

Flow of metal in constrained plane-strain extrusion forging- Part II

With many innovations in process technology, forging is establishing itself as a precision manufacturing process: as forging is used to produce complex shapes in difficult materials, it requires dies of complex configuration of high strength and of wear-resistant materials. Extensive research and development work is being undertaken, internationally, to analyse the stresses in forging dies and the flow of material in forged components. Identification of the location, size and shape of dead-metal zones is required for component design. Further, knowledge of the strain distribution in the flowing metal indicates the degree to which the component is being work hardened. Such information is helpful in the selection of process parameters such as dimensional allowances and interface lubrication, as well as in the determination of post-forging operations such as heat treatment and machining. In the presently reported work the effect of aperture width and initial specimen height on the strain distribution in the plane-strain extrusion forging of machined lead billets is observed: the distortion of grids inscribed on the face of the specimen gives the strain distribution. The stress-equilibrium approach is used to optimise a model of flow in extrusion forging, which model is found to be effective in estimating the size of the dead-metal zone. The work carried out so far indicates that the methodology of using the stress-equilibrium approach to develop models of flow in closed-die forging can be a useful tool in component, process and die design.

Reversible Water Intercalation Accompanied by Coordination and Color Changes in a Layered Metal-Organic Framework

A new two-dimensional 3d-4f mixed-metal mixed dicarboxylate (homocyclic and heterocyclic) of the formula [Gd2(H2O)2Ni(H2O)2(1,2-bdc)2(2,5-pydc)2] 3 8H2O (1; 1,2-H2bdc = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,5-H2pydc = 2,5- pyridinedicarboxylic acid) has been prepared by employing the hydrothermal method. The structure has infinite onedimensional-Gd-O-Gd- chains formed by the edge-shared GdO9 polyhedral units, resulting exclusively from the connectivity between the Gd3+ ions and the 1,2-bdc units. The chains are connected by the [Ni(H2O)2(2,5-pydc)2]2- metalloligand, forming the two-dimensional layer arrangements. The stacking of the layers creates hydrophilic and hydrophobic spaces in the interlamellar region. A one-dimensional water ladder structure, formed by the extraframework water molecules, occupies the hydrophilic region while the benzene ring of 1,2-bdc occupies the hydrophobic region. To the best of our knowledge, the present compound represents the first example of a 3d-4f mixed-metal carboxylate in which two different aromatic dicarboxylate anions act as the linkers. The stabilization energies of the water clusters have been evaluated using density functional theory calculations. The water molecules in 1 are fully reversible accompanied by a change in color (greenish blue to brown) and coordination around Ni2+ ions (octahedral to distorted tetrahedral).

Raman Spectroscopic study of valinomycin-metal complexes

Valinomycin, an ionophore of considerable interest for its ion selectivity, and its K+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+ complexes were studied by Raman spectroscopy. Each complex has a characteristic spectrum which differs from that of uncomplexed valinomycin, suggesting several distinct structures for each of the metal-valinomycin complexes. The biologically active potassium complex shows the most significant changes in its spectrum, especially in the intensity of the symmetric C---H stretching vibration of CH3 and the convergence of the two ester carbonyl stretching vibration bands into one complex formation. These results are due to the unique orientation of the ester carbonyl groups toward the caged potassium ion and the resulting more free rotation of isopropyl side chains. The divalent cation-valinomycin complexes examined showed spectra which differed in each case uniquely from both valinomycin and its complex with potassium.

X-ray absorption spectra of niobium dichalcogenides and their first-row transition-metal intercalates

X-ra!. K-absorption spectra of niobium in niobium dichalcogenides. namely NbS, and NbSe, and their first-row transition-metal intercalates Mi P 3N bSz (M = Cr. Mn. Fe. Co. Ni) and Ml#,NbSe2 (M = Fe. CO). have been measured together with those in niobium metal. The spectra of these materials are \er? similar to one another. They reflect the transitions to the partially filled niobium d band with some p character. A bariety of x-ray absorption nearedge structures (XASES) associated with the K edges of intercalated atoms are also presented and discussed.

Mechanism of catalytic activity of metal oxides and chromites on ammonium perchlorate pyrolysis

This study investigates the mechanism of action of transition metal chromites on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.

Fluorite and Mixed-Metal Kagome-Related Topologies in Metal-Organic Framework Compounds: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties

Two new three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [Mn-2(mu(3)-OH)(H2O)(2)(BTC)]-2 H2O, I, and [NaMn(BTC)], II (BTC=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate = trimellitate) were synthesized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In I, the Mn-4 cluster, [Mn-4(mu(5)-OH)(2)(H2O)(4)O-12], is connected with eight trimellitate anions and each trimellitate anion connects to four different Mn-4 clusters, resulting in a fluorite-like structure. In II, the Mn2O8 dimer is connected with two Na+ ions through carboxylate oxygen to form mixed-metal distorted Kagome-related two-dimensional -M-O-M- layers, which are pillared by the trimellitate anions forming the three-dimensional structure. The extra-framework water molecules in I are reversibly adsorbed and are also corroborated by powder XRD studies. The formation of octameric water clusters involving free and coordinated water molecules appears to be new. Interesting magnetic behavior has been observed for both compounds. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies indicate a broadening of the signal below the ordering temperature and appear to support the findings of the magnetic studies.

Graphene-nanocrystalline metal sulphide composites produced by a one-pot reaction starting from graphite oxide

Graphene-nanocrystalline metal sulphide composites were prepared by a one-pot reaction. A dispersion of graphite oxide layers in an aqueous solution of metal ions (Cd2+/Zn2+) was reacted with H2S gas, which acts as a sulphide source as well as a reducing agent, resulting in the formation of metal sulphide nanoparticles and simultaneous reduction of graphite oxide sheets to graphene sheets. The surface defect related emissions shown by free metal sulphide particles are quenched in the composites due to the interaction of the surface of the nanoparticles with graphene sheets.

Satellites in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of transition-metal and rare-earth compounds

An attempt has been made at synthesis and in resolving some of the uncertainties related to the assignments of charge-transfer satellites in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of transition-metal and rare-earth compounds. New satellites are reported in the ligand core-hole spectra as well as in the metal core-level spectra of oxides of second- and third-row transition metals including rare earths. Satellites in the ligand levels and the metal levels tend to be mutually exclusive, a behaviour that can be understood on the basis of metal-ligand overlap. Systematics in the intensities and energy separations of satellites in the first-row transition-metal compounds have been examined in order to gain an insight into the nature of these satellites. A simple model involving the sudden approximation has been employed to explain the observed systematics in intensities of satellites appearing next to metal and ligand core levels on the basis of metal-ligand overlap.

Studies on vacuum pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate/polystyrene propellant in the presence of transition metal oxides

Vacuum pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium perchlorate/polystyrene (PS) propellant has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) in order to observe the effect of transition metal oxides on sublimation. Sublimation and decomposition being competitive processes, their proportions depend on the pressure of the pyrolysis chamber. The enthalpies for complete decomposition and complete sublimation are available from the literature and by using these data together with DTA area measurements, the extents of sublimation and decomposition have been calculated for AP and the propellant system. The effect of the metal ions on the extent and rate of sublimation depends on their nature. For AP the extent of sublimation increases with a decrease in particle size. For the propellants the powder sublimes more readily than the bulk material, but in the presence of metal ions the bulk material sublimes more readily than the powder. To substantiate this finding, the effect of MnO2 on AP sublimation as a function of particle size was examined, and it was observed that the extent of sublimation decreases as the particle size decreases.

The role of transition metal oxides in the decomposition and explosion of arylammonium perchlorates

The influence of MnO2, CuO, and NiO on the thermal decomposition and explosivity of arylammonium perchlorates has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and explosive sensitivity measurements. The metal oxides considerably sensitize both decomposition and explosion and the sensitizing effect is in the order NiO < CuO < MnO2. The accelerated decomposition or explosion seems to occur via the formation of an intermediate, metal perchlorate arylamine complex. The experimental evidence for the mechanism put forward has been included.

Mechanistic studies on the pyrolysis and combustion of polystyrene/ammonium perchlorate propellants in the presence of transition metal oxides

The effect of transition metal oxides (Fe2O3, MnO2, Ni2O3 and Co2O3) on polystyrene/ammonium perchlorate propellant systems has been examined. The mechanism of action of the oxides in increasing the burning rate was examined by studying the effect of the oxides on the thermal decomposition and combustion of the oxidizer and the propellant. It has been concluded that one of the mechanisms by which the oxides act is by promoting the charge-transfer process, which is indicated by the enhancement of the electron-transfer process in ammonium perchlorate and by the correlation between the redox potential of the metal ions and the corresponding burning rates of the propellant.

Noble Metal Ionic Catalysts

Because of growing environmental concerns and increasingly stringent regulations governing auto emissions, new more efficient exhaust catalysts are needed to reduce the amount of pollutants released from internal combustion engines. To accomplish this goal, the major pollutants in exhaust-CO, NOx, and unburned hydrocarbons-need to be fully converted to CO2, N-2, and H2O. Most exhaust catalysts contain nanocrystalline noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh) dispersed on oxide supports such as Al2O3 or SiO2 promoted by CeO2. However, in conventional catalysts, only the surface atoms of the noble metal particles serve as adsorption sites, and even in 4-6 nm metal particles, only 1/4 to 1/5 of the total noble metal atoms are utilized for catalytic conversion. The complete dispersion of noble metals can be achieved only as ions within an oxide support. In this Account, we describe a novel solution to this dispersion problem: a new solution combustion method for synthesizing dispersed noble metal ionic catalysts. We have synthesized nanocrystalline, single-phase Ce1-xMxO2-delta and Ce1-x-yTiyMxO2-delta (M = Pt, Pd, Rh; x = 0,01-0.02, delta approximate to x, y = 0.15-0.25) oxides in fluorite structure, In these oxide catalysts, pt(2+), Pd2+, or Rh3+ ions are substituted only to the extent of 1-2% of Ce4+ ion. Lower-valent noble metal ion substitution in CeO2 creates oxygen vacancies. Reducing molecules (CO, H-2, NH3) are adsorbed onto electron-deficient noble metal ions, while oxidizing (02, NO) molecules are absorbed onto electron-rich oxide ion vacancy sites. The rates of CO and hydrocarbon oxidation and NOx reduction (with >80% N-2 selectivity) are 15-30 times higher in the presence of these ionic catalysts than when the same amount of noble metal loaded on an oxide support is used. Catalysts with palladium ion dispersed in CeO2 or Ce1-xTixO2 were far superior to Pt or Rh ionic catalysts. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the more expensive Pt and Rh metals are not necessary in exhaust catalysts. We have also grown these nanocrystalline ionic catalysts on ceramic cordierite and have reproduced the results we observed in powder material on the honeycomb catalytic converter. Oxygen in a CeO2 lattice is activated by the substitution of Ti ion, as well as noble metal ions. Because this substitution creates longer Ti-O and M-O bonds relative to the average Ce-O bond within the lattice, the materials facilitate high oxygen storage and release. The interaction among M-0/Mn+, Ce4+/Ce3+, and Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couples leads to the promoting action of CeO2, activation of lattice oxygen and high oxygen storage capacity, metal support interaction, and high rates of catalytic activity in exhaust catalysis.