63 resultados para imperfect quality


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The maintenance of chlorine residual is needed at all the points in the distribution system supplied with chlorine as a disinfectant. The propagation and level of chlorine in a distribution system is affected by both bulk and pipe wall reactions. It is well known that the field determination of wall reaction parameter is difficult. The source strength of chlorine to maintain a specified chlorine residual at a target node is also an important parameter. The inverse model presented in the paper determines these water quality parameters, which are associated with different reaction kinetics, either in single or in groups of pipes. The weighted-least-squares method based on the Gauss-Newton minimization technique is used for the estimation of these parameters. The validation and application of the inverse model is illustrated with an example pipe distribution system under steady state. A generalized procedure to handle noisy and bad (abnormal) data is suggested, which can be used to estimate these parameters more accurately. The developed inverse model is useful for water supply agencies to calibrate their water distribution system and to improve their operational strategies to maintain water quality.

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[1] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.Cambridge University Press, 2006. [2] H. Bolcskei, D. Gesbert, C. B. Papadias, and A.-J. van der Veen, Spacetime Wireless Systems: From Array Processing to MIMO Communications.Cambridge University Press, 2006. [3] Q. H. Spencer, C. B. Peel, A. L. Swindlehurst, and M. Haardt, “An introduction to the multiuser MIMO downlink,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,vol. 42, pp. 60–67, Oct. 2004. [4] K. Kusume, M. Joham,W. Utschick, and G. Bauch, “Efficient tomlinsonharashima precoding for spatial multiplexing on flat MIMO channel,”in Proc. IEEE ICC’2005, May 2005, pp. 2021–2025. [5] R. Fischer, C. Windpassinger, A. Lampe, and J. Huber, “MIMO precoding for decentralized receivers,” in Proc. IEEE ISIT’2002, 2002, p.496. [6] M. Schubert and H. Boche, “Iterative multiuser uplink and downlink beamforming under SINR constraints,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process.,vol. 53, pp. 2324–2334, Jul. 2005. [7] ——, “Solution of multiuser downlink beamforming problem with individual SINR constraints,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 53, pp.18–28, Jan. 2004. [8] A. Wiesel, Y. C. Eldar, and Shamai, “Linear precoder via conic optimization for fixed MIMO receivers,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 52,pp. 161–176, Jan. 2006. [9] N. Jindal, “MIMO broadcast channels with finite rate feed-back,” in Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM’2005, Nov. 2005. [10] R. Hunger, F. Dietrich, M. Joham, and W. Utschick, “Robust transmit zero-forcing filters,” in Proc. ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas, Munich,Mar. 2004, pp. 130–137. [11] M. B. Shenouda and T. N. Davidson, “Linear matrix inequality formulations of robust QoS precoding for broadcast channels,” in Proc.CCECE’2007, Apr. 2007, pp. 324–328. [12] M. Payaro, A. Pascual-Iserte, and M. A. Lagunas, “Robust power allocation designs for multiuser and multiantenna downlink communication systems through convex optimization,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,vol. 25, pp. 1392–1401, Sep. 2007. [13] M. Biguesh, S. Shahbazpanahi, and A. B. Gershman, “Robust downlink power control in wireless cellular systems,” EURASIP Jl. Wireless Commun. Networking, vol. 2, pp. 261–272, 2004. [14] B. Bandemer, M. Haardt, and S. Visuri, “Liner MMSE multi-user MIMO downlink precoding for users with multple antennas,” in Proc.PIMRC’06, Sep. 2006, pp. 1–5. [15] J. Zhang, Y. Wu, S. Zhou, and J. Wang, “Joint linear transmitter and receiver design for the downlink of multiuser MIMO systems,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 991–993, Nov. 2005. [16] S. Shi, M. Schubert, and H. Boche, “Downlink MMSE transceiver optimization for multiuser MIMO systems: Duality and sum-mse minimization,”IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 55, pp. 5436–5446, Nov.2007. [17] A. Mezghani, M. Joham, R. Hunger, and W. Utschick, “Transceiver design for multi-user MIMO systems,” in Proc. WSA 2006, Mar. 2006. [18] R. Doostnejad, T. J. Lim, and E. Sousa, “Joint precoding and beamforming design for the downlink in a multiuser MIMO system,” in Proc.WiMob’2005, Aug. 2005, pp. 153–159. [19] N. Vucic, H. Boche, and S. Shi, “Robust transceiver optimization in downlink multiuser MIMO systems with channel uncertainty,” in Proc.IEEE ICC’2008, Beijing, China, May 2008. [20] A. Ben-Tal and A. Nemirovsky, “Selected topics in robust optimization,”Math. Program., vol. 112, pp. 125–158, Feb. 2007. [21] D. Bertsimas and M. Sim, “Tractable approximations to robust conic optimization problems,” Math. Program., vol. 107, pp. 5–36, Jun. 2006. [22] P. Ubaidulla and A. Chockalingam, “Robust Transceiver Design for Multiuser MIMO Downlink,” in Proc. IEEE Globecom’2008, New Orleans, USA, Dec. 2008, to appear. [23] S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization. Cambridge University Press, 2004. [24] G. H. Golub and C. F. V. Loan, Matrix Computations. The John Hopkins University Press, 1996.

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Diatoms have become important organisms for monitoring freshwaters and their value has been recognised in Europe, American and African continents. If India is to include diatoms in the current suite of bioindicators, then thorough testing of diatom-based techniques is required. This paper provides guidance on methods through all stages of diatom collection from different habitats from streams and lakes, preparation and examination for the purposes of water quality assessment that can be adapted to most aquatic ecosystems in India.

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The quality of tap water from water supplies from 14 districts of Kerala state, India was studied. Parameters like pH, water temperature, total dissolved solids, salinity, nitrates, chloride, hardness, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulphate, phosphates, and coliform bacteria were enumerated. The results showed that all water samples were contaminated by coliform bacteria. About 20% of the tap water samples from Alappuzha and 15% samples from Palakkad district are above desirable limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards. The contamination of the source water (due to lack of community hygiene) and insufficient treatment are the major cause for the coliform contamination in the state. Water samples from Alappuzha and Palakkad have high ionic and fluoride content which could be attributed to the geology of the region. Water supplied for drinking in rural areas are relatively free of any contamination than the water supplied in urban area by municipalities, which may be attributed higher chances of contamination in urban area due to mismanagement of solid and liquid wastes. The study highlights the need for regular bacteriological enumeration along with water quality in addition to setting up decentralised region specific improved treatment system.

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Non-linear precoding for the downlink of a multiuser MISO (multiple-input single-output) communication system in the presence of imperfect channel state information (CSI) is considered.The base station is equipped with multiple transmit antennas and each user terminal is equipped with a single receive antenna. The CSI at the transmitter is assumed to be perturbed by an estimation error. We propose a robust minimum mean square error (MMSE) Tomlinson-Harashima precoder (THP)design, which can be formulated as an optimization problem that can be solved efficiently by the method of alternating optimization(AO). In this method of optimization, the entire set of optimization variables is partitioned into non-overlapping subsets,and an iterative sequence of optimizations on these subsets is carried out, which is often simpler compared to simultaneous optimization over all variables. In our problem, the application of the AO method results in a second-order cone program which can be numerically solved efficiently. The proposed precoder is shown to be less sensitive to imperfect channel knowledge. Simulation results illustrate the improvement in performance compared to other robust linear and non-linear precoders in the literature.

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Engineering education quality embraces the activities through which a technical institution satisfies itself that the quality of education it provides and standards it has set are appropriate and are being maintained. There is a need to develop a standardised approach to most aspects of quality assurance for engineering programmes which is sufficiently well defined to be accepted for all assessments.We have designed a Technical Educational Quality Assurance and Assessment (TEQ-AA) System, which makes use of the information on the web and analyzes the standards of the institution. With the standards as anchors for definition, the institution is clearer about its present in order to plan better for its future and enhancing the level of educational quality.The system has been tested and implemented on the technical educational Institutions in the Karnataka State which usually host their web pages for commercially advertising their technical education programs and their Institution objectives, policies, etc., for commercialization and for better reach-out to the students and faculty. This helps in assisting the students in selecting an institution for study and to assist in employment.

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Analysis of climate change impacts on streamflow by perturbing the climate inputs has been a concern for many authors in the past few years, but there are few analyses for the impacts on water quality. To examine the impact of change in climate variables on the water quality parameters, the water quality input variables have to be perturbed. The primary input variables that can be considered for such an analysis are streamflow and water temperature, which are affected by changes in precipitation and air temperature, respectively. Using hypothetical scenarios to represent both greenhouse warming and streamflow changes, the sensitivity of the water quality parameters has been evaluated under conditions of altered river flow and river temperature in this article. Historical data analysis of hydroclimatic variables is carried out, which includes flow duration exceedance percentage (e.g. Q90), single low- flow indices (e.g. 7Q10, 30Q10) and relationships between climatic variables and surface variables. For the study region of Tunga-Bhadra river in India, low flows are found to be decreasing and water temperatures are found to be increasing. As a result, there is a reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels found in recent years. Water quality responses of six hypothetical climate change scenarios were simulated by the water quality model, QUAL2K. A simple linear regression relation between air and water temperature is used to generate the scenarios for river water temperature. The results suggest that all the hypothetical climate change scenarios would cause impairment in water quality. It was found that there is a significant decrease in DO levels due to the impact of climate change on temperature and flows, even when the discharges were at safe permissible levels set by pollution control agencies (PCAs). The necessity to improve the standards of PCA and develop adaptation policies for the dischargers to account for climate change is examined through a fuzzy waste load allocation model developed earlier. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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In this paper, we consider robust joint designs of relay precoder and destination receive filters in a nonregenerative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay network. The network consists of multiple source-destination node pairs assisted by a MIMO-relay node. The channel state information (CSI) available at the relay node is assumed to be imperfect. We consider robust designs for two models of CSI error. The first model is a stochastic error (SE) model, where the probability distribution of the CSI error is Gaussian. This model is applicable when the imperfect CSI is mainly due to errors in channel estimation. For this model, we propose robust minimum sum mean square error (SMSE), MSE-balancing, and relay transmit power minimizing precoder designs. The next model for the CSI error is a norm-bounded error (NBE) model, where the CSI error can be specified by an uncertainty set. This model is applicable when the CSI error is dominated by quantization errors. In this case, we adopt a worst-case design approach. For this model, we propose a robust precoder design that minimizes total relay transmit power under constraints on MSEs at the destination nodes. We show that the proposed robust design problems can be reformulated as convex optimization problems that can be solved efficiently using interior-point methods. We demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed design through simulations.

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Frequency-domain scheduling and rate adaptation enable next-generation orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) cellular systems such as Long-Term Evolution (LTE) to achieve significantly higher spectral efficiencies. LTE uses a pragmatic combination of several techniques to reduce the channel-state feedback that is required by a frequency-domain scheduler. In the subband-level feedback and user-selected subband feedback schemes specified in LTE, the user reduces feedback by reporting only the channel quality that is averaged over groups of resource blocks called subbands. This approach leads to an occasional incorrect determination of rate by the scheduler for some resource blocks. In this paper, we develop closed-form expressions for the throughput achieved by the feedback schemes of LTE. The analysis quantifies the joint effects of three critical components on the overall system throughput-scheduler, multiple-antenna mode, and the feedback scheme-and brings out its dependence on system parameters such as the number of resource blocks per subband and the rate adaptation thresholds. The effect of the coarse subband-level frequency granularity of feedback is captured. The analysis provides an independent theoretical reference and a quick system parameter optimization tool to an LTE system designer and theoretically helps in understanding the behavior of OFDMA feedback reduction techniques when operated under practical system constraints.