Seismic Microzonation of Bangalore - Preliminary Maps

This paper presents an overview of the seismic microzonation and the grade/level based study along with methods used for estimating hazard. The principles of seismic microzonation along with some current practices are discussed. Summary of seismic microzonation experiments carried out in India is presented. A detailed work of seismic microzonation of Bangalore has been presented as a case study. In this case study, a seismotectonic map for microzonation area has been developed covering 350 km radius around Bangalore, India using seismicity and seismotectonic parameters of the region. For seismic microzonation Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (BMP) area of 220 km2 has been selected as the study area. Seismic hazard analysis has been carried out using deterministic as well as probabilistic approaches. Synthetic ground motion at 653 locations, recurrence relation and peak ground acceleration maps at rock level have been generated. A detailed site characterization has been carried out using borehole with standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and geophysical data. The base map and 3-dimensional sub surface borehole model has been generated for study area using geographical information system (GIS). Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW)method has been used to generate one-dimensional shear wave velocity profile at 58 locations and two- dimensional profile at 20 locations. These shear wave velocities are used to estimate equivalent shear wave velocity in the study area at every 5m intervals up to a depth of 30m. Because of wider variation in the rock depth, equivalent shear for the soil overburden thickness alone has been estimated and mapped using ArcGIS 9.2. Based on equivalent shear wave velocity of soil overburden thickness, the study area is classified as ―site class D‖. Site response study has been carried out using geotechnical properties and synthetic ground motions with program SHAKE2000.The soil in the study area is classified as soil with moderate amplification potential. Site response results obtained using standard penetration test (SPT) ―N‖ values and shear wave velocity are compared, it is found that the results based on shear wave velocity is lower than the results based on SPT ―N‖ values. Further, predominant frequency of soil column has been estimated based on ambient noise survey measurements using instruments of L4-3D short period sensors equipped with Reftek 24 bit digital acquisition systems. Predominant frequency obtained from site response study is compared with ambient noise survey. In general, predominant frequencies in the study area vary from 3Hz to 12Hz. Due to flat terrain in the study area, the induced effect of land slide possibility is considered to be remote. However, induced effect of liquefaction hazard has been estimated and mapped. Finally, by integrating the above hazard parameters two hazard index maps have been developed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) on GIS platform. One map is based on deterministic hazard analysis and other map is based on probabilistic hazard analysis. Finally, a general guideline is proposed by bringing out the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches.

Incentive Compatible Mechanisms for Resource Procurement in Computational Grids with Rational resource Providers

In a computational grid, the presence of grid resource providers who are rational and intelligent could lead to an overall degradation in the efficiency of the grid. In this paper, we design incentive compatible grid resource procurement mechanisms which ensure that the efficiency of the grid is not affected by the rational behavior of resource providers.In particular, we offer three elegant incentive compatible mechanisms for this purpose: (1) G-DSIC (Grid-Dominant Strategy Incentive Compatible) mechanism (2) G-BIC (Grid-Bayesian Nash Incentive Compatible) mechanism (3) G-OPT(Grid-Optimal) mechanism which minimizes the cost to the grid user, satisfying at the same time, (a) Bayesian incentive compatibility and (b) individual rationality. We evaluate the relative merits and demerits of the above three mechanisms using game theoretical analysis and numerical experiments.

Incentive compatible mechanisms for group ticket allocation in software maintenance services

A customer reported problem (or Trouble Ticket) in software maintenance is typically solved by one or more maintenance engineers. The decision of allocating the ticket to one or more engineers is generally taken by the lead, based on customer delivery deadlines and a guided complexity assessment from each maintenance engineer. The key challenge in such a scenario is two folds, un-truthful (hiked up) elicitation of ticket complexity by each engineer to the lead and the decision of allocating the ticket to a group of engineers who will solve the ticket with in customer deadline. The decision of allocation should ensure Individual and Coalitional Rationality along with Coalitional Stability. In this paper we use game theory to examine the issue of truthful elicitation of ticket complexities by engineers for solving ticket as a group given a specific customer delivery deadline. We formulate this problem as strategic form game and propose two mechanisms, (1) Division of Labor (DOL) and (2) Extended Second Price (ESP). In the proposed mechanisms we show that truth telling by each engineer constitutes a Dominant Strategy Nash Equilibrium of the underlying game. Also we analyze the existence of Individual Rationality (IR) and Coalitional Rationality (CR) properties to motivate voluntary and group participation. We use Core, solution concept from co-operative game theory to analyze the stability of the proposed group based on the allocation and payments.

Embedded Thin Film Resistors on BCB by Low-Cost PWB Compatible Electroless Plating by Direct Foil Lamination Transfer Processes

Benzocyclobutene (BCB) has been proposed as a board level dielectric for advanced system-on-package (SOP) module primarily due to its attractive low-loss (for RF application) and thin film (for high density wiring) properties. Realization of embedded resistors on low loss benzocyclobutene (dielectric loss ~0.0008 at > 40 GHz) has been explored in this study. Two approaches, viz, foil transfer and electroless plating have been attempted for deposition of thin film resistors on benzocyclobutene (BCB). Ni-P alloys were plated using conventional electroless plating, and NiCr and NiCrAlSi foils were used for the foil transfer process. This paper reports NiP and NiWP electroless plated embedded resistors on BCB dielectric for the first time in the literature

High-temperature deformation processing maps for a NiTiCu shape memory alloy

The properties of widely used Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are highly sensitive to the underlying microstructure. Hence, controlling the evolution of microstructure during high-temperature deformation becomes important. In this article, the ``processing maps'' approach is utilized to identify the combination of temperature and strain rate for thermomechanical processing of a Ni(42)Ti(50)Cu(8) SMA. Uniaxial compression experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 800-1050 degrees C and at strain rate range of 10(-3) and 10(2) s(-1). Two-dimensional power dissipation efficiency and instability maps have been generated and various deformation mechanisms, which operate in different temperature and strain rate regimes, were identified with the aid of the maps and complementary microstructural analysis of the deformed specimens. Results show that the safe window for industrial processing of this alloy is in the range of 800-850 degrees C and at 0.1 s(-1), which leads to grain refinement and strain-free grains. Regions of the instability were identified, which result in strained microstructure, which in turn can affect the performance of the SMA.

Long term stability studies of particle storage rings using polynomial Maps

Long-term stability studies of particle storage rings can not be carried out using conventional numerical integration algorithms. We require symplectic integration algorithms which are both fast and accurate. In this paper, we study a symplectic integration method wherein the sym-plectic map representing the Hamiltonian system is refactorized using polynomial symplectic maps. This method is used to perform long term integration on a particle storage ring.

A spring-mass-lever model, stiffness and inertia maps for single-input, single-output compliant mechanisms

A spring-mass-lever (SML) model is introduced in this paper for a single-input-single-output compliant mechanism to capture its static and dynamic behavior. The SML model is a reduced-order model, and its five parameters provide physical insight and quantify the stiffness and inertia(1) at the input and output ports as well as the transformation of force and displacement between the input and output. The model parameters can be determined with reasonable accuracy without performing dynamic or modal analysis. The paper describes two uses of the SML model: computationally efficient analysis of a system of which the compliant mechanism is a part; and design of compliant mechanisms for the given user-specifications. During design, the SML model enables determining the feasible parameter space of user-specified requirements, assessing the suitability of a compliant mechanism to meet the user-specifications and also selecting and/or re-designing compliant mechanisms from an existing database. Manufacturing constraints, material choice, and other practical considerations are incorporated into this methodology. A micromachined accelerometer and a valve mechanism are used as examples to show the effectiveness of the SML model in analysis and design. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Functional maps within a single neuron

Narayanan R, Johnston D. Functional maps within a single neuron. J Neurophysiol 108: 2343-2351, 2012. First published August 29, 2012; doi:10.1152/jn.00530.2012.-The presence and plasticity of dendritic ion channels are well established. However, the literature is divided on what specific roles these dendritic ion channels play in neuronal information processing, and there is no consensus on why neuronal dendrites should express diverse ion channels with different expression profiles. In this review, we present a case for viewing dendritic information processing through the lens of the sensory map literature, where functional gradients within neurons are considered as maps on the neuronal topograph. Under such a framework, drawing analogies from the sensory map literature, we postulate that the formation of intraneuronal functional maps is driven by the twin objectives of efficiently encoding inputs that impinge along different dendritic locations and of retaining homeostasis in the face of changes that are required in the coding process. In arriving at this postulate, we relate intraneuronal map physiology to the vast literature on sensory maps and argue that such a metaphorical association provides a fresh conceptual framework for analyzing and understanding single-neuron information encoding. We also describe instances where the metaphor presents specific directions for research on intraneuronal maps, derived from analogous pursuits in the sensory map literature. We suggest that this perspective offers a thesis for why neurons should express and alter ion channels in their dendrites and provides a framework under which active dendrites could be related to neural coding, learning theory, and homeostasis.

Incentive Compatible Influence Maximization in Social Networks with Application to Viral Marketing

Information diffusion and influence maximization are important and extensively studied problems in social networks. Various models and algorithms have been proposed in the literature in the context of the influence maximization problem. A crucial assumption in all these studies is that the influence probabilities are known to the social planner. This assumption is unrealistic since the influence probabilities are usually private information of the individual agents and strategic agents may not reveal them truthfully. Moreover, the influence probabilities could vary significantly with the type of the information flowing in the network and the time at which the information is propagating in the network. In this paper, we use a mechanism design approach to elicit influence probabilities truthfully from the agents. Our main contribution is to design a scoring rule based mechanism in the context of the influencer-influencee model. In particular, we show the incentive compatibility of the mechanisms and propose a reverse weighted scoring rule based mechanism as an appropriate mechanism to use.

MAPS: midline analysis and propagation of segmentation

Scenic word images undergo degradations due to motion blur, uneven illumination, shadows and defocussing, which lead to difficulty in segmentation. As a result, the recognition results reported on the scenic word image datasets of ICDAR have been low. We introduce a novel technique, where we choose the middle row of the image as a sub-image and segment it first. Then, the labels from this segmented sub-image are used to propagate labels to other pixels in the image. This approach, which is unique and distinct from the existing methods, results in improved segmentation. Bayesian classification and Max-flow methods have been independently used for label propagation. This midline based approach limits the impact of degradations that happens to the image. The segmented text image is recognized using the trial version of Omnipage OCR. We have tested our method on ICDAR 2003 and ICDAR 2011 datasets. Our word recognition results of 64.5% and 71.6% are better than those of methods in the literature and also methods that competed in the Robust reading competition. Our method makes an implicit assumption that degradation is not present in the middle row.

CMOS-Compatible and Scalable Deposition of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite Thin Film to Improve Inductance Density of Integrated RF Inductor

Development towards the combination of miniaturization and improved functionality of RFIC has been stalled due to the lack of high-performance integrated inductors. To meet this challenge, integration of magnetic material with high permeability as well as low conductivity is a must. Ferrite films are excellent candidates for RF devices due to their low cost, high resistivity, and low eddy current losses. Unlike its bulk counterpart, nanocrystalline zinc ferrite, because of partial inversion in the spinel structure, exhibits novel magnetic properties suitable for RF applications. However, most scalable ferrite film deposition processes require either high temperature or expensive equipment or both. We report a novel low temperature (< 200 degrees C) solution-based deposition process for obtaining high quality, polycrystalline zinc ferrite thin films (ZFTF) on Si (100) and on CMOS-foundry-fabricated spiral inductor structures, rapidly, using safe solvents and precursors. An enhancement of up to 20% at 5 GHz in the inductance of a fabricated device was achieved due to the deposited ZFTF. Substantial inductance enhancement requires sufficiently thick films and our reported process is capable of depositing smooth, uniform films as thick as similar to 20 mu m just by altering the solution composition. The method is capable of depositing film conformally on a surface with complex geometry. As it requires neither a vacuum system nor any post-deposition processing, the method reported here has a low thermal budget, making it compatible with modern CMOS process flow.

Condition R and proper holomorphic maps between equidimensional product domains

We consider proper holomorphic mappings of equidimensional pseudoconvex domains in complex Euclidean space, where both source and target can be represented as Cartesian products of smoothly bounded domains. It is shown that such mappings extend smoothly up to the closures of the domains, provided each factor of the source satisfies Condition R. It also shown that the number of smoothly bounded factors in the source and target must be the same, and the proper holomorphic map splits as a product of proper mappings between the factor domains. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

RIGIDITY OF HOLOMORPHIC MAPS BETWEEN FIBER SPACES

In the study of holomorphic maps, the term ``rigidity'' refers to certain types of results that give us very specific information about a general class of holomorphic maps owing to the geometry of their domains or target spaces. Under this theme, we begin by studying when, given two compact connected complex manifolds X and Y, a degree-one holomorphic map f :Y -> X is a biholomorphism. Given that the real manifolds underlying X and Y are diffeomorphic, we provide a condition under which f is a biholomorphism. Using this result, we deduce a rigidity result for holomorphic self-maps of the total space of a holomorphic fiber space. Lastly, we consider products X = X-1 x X-2 and Y = Y-1 x Y-2 of compact connected complex manifolds. When X-1 is a Riemann surface of genus >= 2, we show that any non-constant holomorphic map F:Y -> X is of a special form.

Toward Real-Time Availability of 3D Temperature Maps Created with Temporally Constrained Reconstruction

PurposeTo extend the previously developed temporally constrained reconstruction (TCR) algorithm to allow for real-time availability of three-dimensional (3D) temperature maps capable of monitoring MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound applications. MethodsA real-time TCR (RT-TCR) algorithm is developed that only uses current and previously acquired undersampled k-space data from a 3D segmented EPI pulse sequence, with the image reconstruction done in a graphics processing unit implementation to overcome computation burden. Simulated and experimental data sets of HIFU heating are used to evaluate the performance of the RT-TCR algorithm. ResultsThe simulation studies demonstrate that the RT-TCR algorithm has subsecond reconstruction time and can accurately measure HIFU-induced temperature rises of 20 degrees C in 15 s for 3D volumes of 16 slices (RMSE = 0.1 degrees C), 24 slices (RMSE = 0.2 degrees C), and 32 slices (RMSE = 0.3 degrees C). Experimental results in ex vivo porcine muscle demonstrate that the RT-TCR approach can reconstruct temperature maps with 192 x 162 x 66 mm 3D volume coverage, 1.5 x 1.5 x 3.0 mm resolution, and 1.2-s scan time with an accuracy of 0.5 degrees C. ConclusionThe RT-TCR algorithm offers an approach to obtaining large coverage 3D temperature maps in real-time for monitoring MR-guided high intensity focused ultrasound treatments. Magn Reson Med 71:1394-1404, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.