Ball wear and its control in the grinding of a lead-zinc sulphide ore

Marked ball grinding tests were carried out in the laboratory with a lead-zinc sulphide ore under different experimental conditions using high carbon low alloy steel (cast and forged) and high chrome cast iron balls. Relative ball wear as a function of grinding period and milling conditions was evaluated for the different types of ball materials. The role of corrosion and abrasion-erosion in the wear of grinding media is brought out. Methods to minimise ball wear through control of mill atmosphere and addition of reagents are discussed.

Demonstration of IgE Antibodies to Nucleic Acid Antigens in Patients with Sle

Using a combination of avidin-biotin microELISA and solid phase radioimmunoassay, we examined sera from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), two patients with established sensitivity to ingested shrimp, and 15 healthy normal subjects. In addition to IgG antibodies, varying amounts of IgE antibodies specific for native DNA (nDNA), denatured or single-stranded DNA (dnDNA), RNA, and tRNA were demonstrable in the sera of SLE patients, but not in the sera of normal subjects. A comparison of the specificity of nucleic acid-specific IgE antibodies present in the sera of shrimp-sensitive patients with those present in the sera of seven SLE patients revealed that the IgE antibodies in the sera of shrimp-sensitive patients specifically recognized shrimp tRNA but not yeast tRNA, calf thymus RNA, or calf thymus DNA, while those present in the sera of patients with SLE recognized all these nucleic acid antigens. The IgE antibodies directed against nDNA, dnDNA, RNA, and tRNA may mediate mast cell and basophil degranulation and thus contribute both to immediate-type hypersensitivity phenomena including hives seen in patients with SLE and to the localization of IgE-nucleic acid complexes in target

Acid-Catalyzed Thermal Rearrangement of Gamm,Delta-Unsaturated Ketones

Thermal activation of gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones (1, 9 and 12) in the presence of a catalytic amount of propionic acid causes a rearrangement to give new gamma,delta-unsaturated ketones (2, 10 and 14) via an intramolecular ene reaction followed by a retro-ene reaction.

Definitions and nomenclature of nucleic acid structure parameters

At an EMBO Workshop on DNA Curvature and Bending, held at Churchill College, Cambridge, on 10-15 September 1988, two sessions were scheduled on definitions of parameters used to describe the geometry of nucleic acid chains and helices, and a common nomenclature for these parameters. The most widely used library of helix analysis programs, HELIB (Fratini et al., 1982; Dickerson, 1985) suffers from the fact that the translations and rotations as defined are not fully independent and depend to a certain extent upon the choice of overall helix axis. Several research groups have been engaged independently in developing alternative programs for the geometrical analysis of polynucleotide chains, but with different definitions of quantities calculated and with widely different nomenclature even when the same parameter was involved.

Bile-Acids in Asymmetric-Synthesis.2. Cholic-Acid Derived Novel Chiral Auxiliaries For Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions

Cholic acid-based chiral acrylate 5 yields a Diels-Alder adduct with cyclopent

Missile battery placement for air defense: A dynamic programming approach

A procedure to evaluate surface-to-air missile battery placement patterns for air defense is presented. A measure of defense effectiveness is defined as a function of kill probability of the defense missiles and the nature of the surrounding terrain features. The concept of cumulative danger index is used to select the best path for a penetrating hostile aircraft for any given pattern of placement. The aircraft is assumed to be intelligent and well-informed. The path is generated using a dynamic programming methodology. The software package so developed can be used off-line to choose the best among a number of possible battery placement patterns.

Molecular structure of Lantadene-B&C, triterpenoids ofantana camara, red variety: Lantadene-B, 22β-angeloyloxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid; Lantadene-C, 22 β-(S)-2′-methyl butanoyloxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid

(I)Lantadene-B: C35H52O5,M r =552.80, MonoclinicC2,a=25.65(1),b=6.819(9),c=18.75(1) Å,beta=100.61(9),V=3223(5) Å3,Z=4,D x =1.14 g cm–3 CuKagr (lambda=1.5418A),mgr=5.5 cm–1,F(000)=1208,R=0.118,wR=0.132 for 1527 observed reflections withF o ge2sgr(F o ). (II)Lantadene-C: C35H54O5·CH3OH,Mr=586.85, Monoclinic,P21,a=9.822(3),b=10.909(3),c=16.120(8)Å,beta=99.82(4),V=1702(1)Å3,Z=2,D x =1.145 g cm–3, MoKagr (lambda=0.7107Å), mgr=0.708 cm–1 F(000)=644,R=0.098, wR=0.094 for 1073 observed reflections. The rings A, B, C, D, and E aretrans, trans, trans, cis fused and are in chair, chair, sofa, half-chair, chair conformations, respectively, in both the structures. In the unit cell the molecules are stabilized by O-HctdotO hydrogen bonds in both the structures, however an additional C-HctdotO interaction is observed in the case of Lantadene-C.

Purification of 3,5-Dichlorocatechol 1,2-Dioxygenase, a Nonheme Iron Dioxygenase and a Key Enzyme in the Biodegradation of a Herbicide, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), from Pseudomonas cepacia CSV90

An enzyme which cleaves the benzene ring of 3,5-dichiorocatechol has been purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas cepacia CSV90, grown with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as the sole carbon source. The enzyme was a nonheme ferric dioxygenase and catalyzed the intradiol cleavage of all the examined catechol derivatives, 3,5-dichlorocatechol having the highest specificity constant of 7.3 μM−1 s−1 in an air-saturated buffer. No extradiol-cleaving activity was observed. Thus, the enzyme was designated as 3,5-dichlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was ascertained to be 56,000 by light scattering method, while the Mr value of the enzyme denatured with 6 M guanidine-HCl or sodium dodecyl sulfate was 29,000 or 31,600, respectively, suggesting that the enzyme was a homodimer. The iron content was estimated to be 0.89 mol per mole of enzyme. The enzyme was deep red and exhibited a broad absorption spectrum with a maximum at around 425 nm, which was bleached by sodium dithionite, and shifted to 515 nm upon anaerobic 3,5-dichlorocatechol binding. The catalytic constant and the Km values for 3,5-dichlorocatechol and oxygen were 34.7 s−1 and 4.4 and 652 μM, respectively, at pH 8 and 25°C. Some heavy metal ions, chelating agents and sulfhydryl reagents inhibited the activity. The NH2-terminal sequence was determined up to 44 amino acid residues and compared with those of the other catechol dioxygenases previously reported.

Solubility of sulfur dioxide at low partial pressures in dilute sulfuric acid solutions

Equilibrium of dissolution of sulfur dioxide at ppm levels in aqueous solutions of dilute sulfuric acid is analyzed, and a general expression is derived relating the total concentration of sulfur dioxide in the liquid phase to the partial pressure of SO2 in the gas and to the concentration of sulfuric acid in the solution. The equation is simplified for zero and high concentrations of the acid. Experiments at high concentrations of sulfuric acid have enabled the direct determination of Henry’s constant and its dependency on temperature. Heat of dissolution is -31.47 kJ/mol. Experiments in the absence of sulfuric acid and the related simplified expression have led to the determination of the equilibrium constant of the hydrolysis of aqueous sulfur dioxide and its temperature dependency.The heat of hydrolysis is 15.69 kJ/mol. The model equation with these parameters predicts the experimental data of the present work as well as the reported data very well.

An ensemble of B-DNA dinucleotide geometries lead to characteristic nucleosomal DNA structure and provide plasticity required for gene expression

Background: A nucleosome is the fundamental repeating unit of the eukaryotic chromosome. It has been shown that the positioning of a majority of nucleosomes is primarily controlled by factors other than the intrinsic preference of the DNA sequence. One of the key questions in this context is the role, if any, that can be played by the variability of nucleosomal DNA structure. Results: In this study, we have addressed this question by analysing the variability at the dinucleotide and trinucleotide as well as longer length scales in a dataset of nucleosome X-ray crystal structures. We observe that the nucleosome structure displays remarkable local level structural versatility within the B-DNA family. The nucleosomal DNA also incorporates a large number of kinks. Conclusions: Based on our results, we propose that the local and global level versatility of B-DNA structure may be a significant factor modulating the formation of nucleosomes in the vicinity of high-plasticity genes, and in varying the probability of binding by regulatory proteins. Hence, these factors should be incorporated in the prediction algorithms and there may not be a unique `template' for predicting putative nucleosome sequences. In addition, the multimodal distribution of dinucleotide parameters for some steps and the presence of a large number of kinks in the nucleosomal DNA structure indicate that the linear elastic model, used by several algorithms to predict the energetic cost of nucleosome formation, may lead to incorrect results.

Functional Analysis of an Acid Adaptive DNA Adenine Methyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori 26695

HP0593 DNA-(N-6-adenine)-methyltransferase (HP0593 MTase) is a member of a Type III restriction-modification system in Helicobacter pylori strain 26695. HP0593 MTase has been cloned, overexpressed and purified heterologously in Escherichia coli. The recognition sequence of the purified MTase was determined as 5'-GCAG-3' and the site of methylation was found to be adenine. The activity of HP0593 MTase was found to be optimal at pH 5.5. This is a unique property in context of natural adaptation of H. pylori in its acidic niche. Dot-blot assay using antibodies that react specifically with DNA containing m6A modification confirmed that HP0593 MTase is an adenine-specific MTase. HP0593 MTase occurred as both monomer and dimer in solution as determined by gel-filtration chromatography and chemical-crosslinking studies. The nonlinear dependence of methylation activity on enzyme concentration indicated that more than one molecule of enzyme was required for its activity. Analysis of initial velocity with AdoMet as a substrate showed that two molecules of AdoMet bind to HP0593 MTase, which is the first example in case of Type III MTases. Interestingly, metal ion cofactors such as Co2+, Mn2+, and also Mg2+ stimulated the HP0593 MTase activity. Preincubation and isotope partitioning analyses clearly indicated that HP0593 MTase-DNA complex is catalytically competent, and suggested that DNA binds to the MTase first followed by AdoMet. HP0593 MTase shows a distributive mechanism of methylation on DNA having more than one recognition site. Considering the occurrence of GCAG sequence in the potential promoter regions of physiologically important genes in H. pylori, our results provide impetus for exploring the role of this DNA MTase in the cellular processes of H. pylori.

Hybrid Polypeptides: Gabapentin as a Stereochemically Constrained gamma-Amino Acid Residue

The design of folded structures in peptides containing the higher homologues of alpha-amino acid residues requires the restriction of the range of local conformational choices In alpha-amino acids stereochemically constrained residues like alpha,alpha-dialkylated residue, aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), and D-Proline ((D)Pro) have proved extremely useful in the design of helices and hairpins in short peptides Extending this approach, backbone substitution and cyclization are anticipated to bc useful in generating conformationally constrained beta- and gamma-residues This brief review provides a survey of work on hybrid peptide sequences concerning the conformationally constrained gamma-amino acid residue 1-aminomethyl cyclohexane acetic acid, gabapentin (Gpn) This achiral, beta,beta-disubstituted, gamma-residue strongly favors gauche-gauche conformations about the C-alpha-C-beta (0(2)) and C-alpha-C-gamma (0(1)) bonds, facilitating local folding The Gpn residue can adopt both C-7 (NH1 -> CO1) and C-9 (CO1 (I)<- NH1+I) hydrogen bonds which are analogous to the C-5 and C7 (gamma-turn) conformations at alpha-residues In conjunction with adjacent residues, Gpn may be used in ay and gamma alpha segments to generate C-12 hydrogen bonded conformations which may be considered as expanded analogs of conventional beta-turns The structural characterization of C-12 helices, C-12/C-10 helices with mixed hydrogen bond directionalities and beta-hairpins incorporating Gpn residues at the turn segment is illustrated (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94 733-741 2010

An Approach Toward Homocalystegines and Silyl-homocalystegines. Acid-Mediated Migrations of Acetates in Seven-Membered Ring Systems

A short access to homocalystegine analogues silylated at C7 is described. The synthesis involves the desymmetrization of a (phenyldimethylsilyl)methylcycloheptatriene using osmium-mediated dihydroxylation, followed by the diol protection and a cycloaddition involving the remaining diene moiety and an acylnitroso reagent. Additions of the osmium and acylnitroso reagents were shown, through X-ray diffraction studies of the resulting major isomers, to occur anti and syn, respectively, relative to the SiCH2 substituent. N-O bond cleavage on the resulting cycloadduct then produces the aminopolyol having a silylmethyl substituent. Oxidation of the C-Si bond also afforded an access to unusual amino-heptitols having five contiguous stereogenic centers. In the course of this work, we finally observed a unusual rearrangement taking place on cycloheptanone 18 substituted by two acetyl groups and a neighboring Boc-protected amine. A profound reorganization of the substituents on the seven-membered ring effectively took place under acidic conditions (TFA) leading to the thermodynamically more stable homocalystegine-type compound., DFT calculations of the conformational energy of isomeric silyl homocalystegines indicated that the product observed upon the acid-mediated rearrangement was the most stable of a series of analogues with various distributions of substituents along the seven-membered ring backbone. A tentative mechanism is proposed to rationalize the acetate migrations and inversions of the stereochemistry at various stereocenters.

Amino acid selective unlabeling for sequence specific resonance assignments in proteins

Sequence specific resonance assignment constitutes an important step towards high-resolution structure determination of proteins by NMR and is aided by selective identification and assignment of amino acid types. The traditional approach to selective labeling yields only the chemical shifts of the particular amino acid being selected and does not help in establishing a link between adjacent residues along the polypeptide chain, which is important for sequential assignments. An alternative approach is the method of amino acid selective `unlabeling' or reverse labeling, which involves selective unlabeling of specific amino acid types against a uniformly C-13/N-15 labeled background. Based on this method, we present a novel approach for sequential assignments in proteins. The method involves a new NMR experiment named, {(CO)-C-12 (i) -N-15 (i+1)}-filtered HSQC, which aids in linking the H-1(N)/N-15 resonances of the selectively unlabeled residue, i, and its C-terminal neighbor, i + 1, in HN-detected double and triple resonance spectra. This leads to the assignment of a tri-peptide segment from the knowledge of the amino acid types of residues: i - 1, i and i + 1, thereby speeding up the sequential assignment process. The method has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, applicable to H-2 labeled protein and can be coupled with cell-free synthesis and/or automated assignment approaches. A detailed survey involving unlabeling of different amino acid types individually or in pairs reveals that the proposed approach is also robust to misincorporation of N-14 at undesired sites. Taken together, this study represents the first application of selective unlabeling for sequence specific resonance assignments and opens up new avenues to using this methodology in protein structural studies.