Pressure transitions and electron transport behaviour of crystalline Se-Te alloys

Pressure transitions of Se-Te alloys have been studied over the entire range of compositions. Conductivities have also been measured as a function of temperature and alloy composition. Transition pressures, activation barriers and isothermal conductivities exhibit distinct changes of slope in their variation as a function of composition at about 8 at % of Te. Transition pressures change slope at not, vert, similar 35% Te also. An attempt has been made to explain these observations on the basis of the size effect of Te which, in turn, affects the electron energy dispersions in the band structure.

Transitional intermittency in boundary layers subjected to pressure gradient

Results are reported from an extensive series of experiments on boundary layers in which the location of pressure gradient and transition onset could be varied almost independently, by judicious use of tunnel wall liners and transition-fixing devices. The experiments show that the transition zone is sensitive to the pressure gradient especially near onset, and can be significantly asymmetric; no universal similarity appears valid in general. Observed intermittency distributions cannot be explained on the basis of the hypothesis, often made, that the spot propagates at speeds proportional to the local free-stream velocity but is otherwise unaffected by the pressure gradient.

High-Pressure Low-Temperature Locknut Cell For Both Electron-Paramagnetic-Res And Nmr-Studies To 10 Kilobars And 77-K

A locked high-pressure cell with working pressure range up to 10 kbars suitable for low-temperature studies to 77 K has been described. It can be used for both EPR and NMR studies of single crystals (and other solid samples). The high-pressure seal and all other aspects of the cell remain the same for either application. Only a change of the bottom plug is required for a switch from a nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) to an electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) experiment. Details of the procedure for the calibration of pressure inside the cell at various temperatures are discussed. The performance of the cell in EPR (Cr3+ion) and NMR (27Al nucleus) studies is reported.

Pressure-Induced transitions in amorphous TlxSe100-x alloys

The electrical resistivity of bulk semiconducting amorphous TlxSe100-x alloys with 0 ≤ x ≤ 25 has been investigated up to a pressure of 14 GPa and down to liquidnitrogen temperature by use of a Bridgman anvil device. All the glasses undergo a discontinuous pressure-induced semiconducting-to-metal transition. X-ray diffraction studies on the pressure-recovered samples show that the high-pressure phase is the crystalline phase. The pressure-induced crystalline products are identified to be a mixture of Se having a hexagonal structure with a = 4·37 Aring and c = 4·95 Aring and TlSe having a tetragonal structure with a = 8·0 Aring and c = 7·0 Aring

On the moulding of population viscosity by natural selection

In this paper, we explore the conjoint evolution of dispersal and social behaviour. The model investigated is of a population distributed over a number of sites each with a carrying capacity of two adults and an episode of dispersal in the juvenile stage. The fertilities are governed by whether an individual and its neighbour are selfish or co-operative. It is shown that the best dispersal strategy for the co-operative genotype always involves lower levels of dispersal; and further that ecological conditions favouring low levels of dispersal increase the selective advantage of a co-operative genotype. Given this positive feedback, we suggest that in any taxon viscosity and co-operativity will tend to be correlated and bimodally distributed. Hence we predict the existence of two kinds of animal societies; viscous and co-operative (e.g. quasi-social wasps such as Mischocyttarus), and non-viscous and selfish (e.g. communal sphecid wasps such as Cerceris), and relatively few social groups with intermediate levels of co-operativity and viscosity. We also suggest that when one of the two sexes disperses, it will be the sex with lower potential for co-operative behaviour.

Modeling of a pressure modulated desalination system using bond graph methodology

A desalination system is a complex multi energy domain system comprising power/energy flow across several domains such as electrical, thermal, and hydraulic. The dynamic modeling of a desalination system that comprehensively addresses all these multi energy domains is not adequately addressed in the literature. This paper proposes to address the issue of modeling the various energy domains for the case of a single stage flash evaporation desalination system. This paper presents a detailed bond graph modeling of a desalination unit with seamless integration of the power flow across electrical, thermal, and hydraulic domains. The paper further proposes a performance index function that leads to the tracking of the optimal chamber pressure giving the optimal flow rate for a given unit of energy expended. The model has been validated in steady state conditions by simulation and experimentation.

Low-temperature and high-pressure Raman and x-ray studies of pyrochlore Tb2Ti2O7: Phonon anomalies and possible phase transition

We have carried out temperature- and pressure-dependent Raman and x-ray measurements on single crystals of Tb2Ti2O7. We attribute the observed anomalous temperature dependence of phonons to phonon-phonon anharmonic interactions. The quasiharmonic and anharmonic contributions to the temperature-dependent changes in phonon frequencies are estimated quantitatively using mode Grüneisen parameters derived from pressure-dependent Raman experiments and bulk modulus from high-pressure x-ray measurements. Further, our Raman and x-ray data suggest a subtle structural deformation of the pyrochlore lattice at ~9 GPa. We discuss possible implications of our results on the spin-liquid behavior of Tb2Ti2O7.

High-Pressure Studies Of SE100-XTEX Glasses

High pressure resistivity measurements on Se100-xTex, glasses for 0≤x≤30 are reported. Two composition regions, where the transport and transformation behaviour are different, are identified. For 0≤x≤6, there is a first-order-like transformation to metallic crystalline states, while for x>6 the transformation appears to be continuous. Glass-transition temperatures also show differences in trends as a function of composition around 6% Te. An attempt is made to explain the composition-dependent trends on the basis of known structural features of selenium glasses and of the nature of tellurium bonding. At concentrations with up to 6% tellurium, Te most likely enters selenium chain terminations, substituting for negatively charged Se1- defects, while at larger concentrations, tellurium probably enters chains and rings by a random substitution.

05-ions in a low pressure glow discharge of oxygen

0:- ions have been detected and measured in a positive column of glow discharge in oxygen between 0.04 and 0.17 Torr. A suitable ion-molecule reaction has been proposed, which appears to be supported by the mass spectrometer measurements.

Effect of pressure on the electrical resistivity of indium sulphide

Indium sulphide (INS) is a III-VI compound semiconductor and crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with a space group D~(Pmnn). The lattice parameters at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are: a = 3.944 A, b = 4.447 A and c= 10.648#, [1, 2]. The crystal structure comprises an ethane-like SalnlnS3 atomic arrangement;the SalnInS3 groups are mutually linked by sharing S corners and form a three-dimensional network.

Resistivity Maxima in Lithium Fast-Ion Conductors at High Pressure

The resistivity of two types of lithium fast-ion conductors, Li16-2xZnx(GeO4)4 (x=1,2) and Li3+xGexV1-xO4 (x=0.25,0.6,0.72), showed pronounced maxima as a function of pressure. For the first type, ln(ρ / ρ0) peaked at values of 0.12 (x=1) and 0.35 (x=2) near 20 kbar and decreased thereafter up to 80 kbar. Thermal activation energies and prefactors also showed corresponding maxima. For the second type, ln(ρ / ρ0) increased to 3-4 between 20 and 32 kbar. Near 80 kbar, ρ decreased (for x=0.25) by a factor of 250. The results are interpreted in terms of negative activation volumes.

Effect of pressure on the resistivity of lead oxide-lead halide glasses

Resistivity behaviour of PbO---PbX2 (X=F,Cl) glasses has been investigated as a function of pressure at laboratory temperature. All PbO---PbX2 glasses undergo crystallization under pressure and the resistivities of crystallized samples are lower than the corresponding glasses. Transitions in PbO---PbF2 glasses exhibit a first order behaviour while transitions in PbO---PbCl2 glasses possess features of a continuous transition. The differences in the pressure behaviour of the two glass systems have been attributed to the differences in the ionic sizes of F− and Cl− ions and also to pressure induced modifications of Pb---O bonding.

Phase transition in ammonium aluminium and ammonium chromium alums-A high pressure EPR study

An investigation of the phase transitions at high pressures in the alums mentioned in the title has been carried out using EPR of the Cr3+ ion (at the trivalent metal ion site). It is observed that at ambient as well as at high pressures there is a change of slope in the linear variations of the zero field splitting with temperature and that the low temperature phase is characterised by a large number of lines in the EPR spectra. The transition temperature shows a large positive shift with pressure, for both the alums. All these facts are explained in terms of our model of the origin of the trigonal field at the trivalent metal ion site as well as the details of the motion of NH4+ ion.

Pressure and temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of bulk Al23 Te77 glass

Electrical resistivity of bulk amorphous Al23T77 samples has been studied as a function of pressure (up to 80 kbar) and temperature (down to 77 K). At atmospheric pressure the temperature dependence of resistivity obeys the relation = π0 exp(δE/RT) with two activation energies. In the temperature range 300 K T > 234 K the activation energy is 0.58 eV and for 234 >T 185 K the value is δE = 0.30 ev. The activation energy has been measured as a function of pressure. The electrical resistivity decreases exponentially with the increase of pressure and at 70 kbar pressure the electrical behaviour of the sample shows a metallic nature with a positive temperature coefficient. The high pressure phase of the sample is found to be a crystalline hexagonal phase.