Electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide on stainless steel

Electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide is studied on a sand-blasted stainless steel (SSS)electrode in an aqueous solution of NaClO4.The cyclic voltammetric reduction of H2O2 at low concentrations is characterized by a cathodic peak at -0 center dot 40 V versus standard calomel electrode(SCE).Cyclic voltammetry is studied by varying the concentration of H2O2 in the range from 0 center dot 2 mM to 20 mM and the sweep rate in the range from 2 to 100 mV s(-1)Voltammograms at concentrations of H2O2 higher than 2 mM or at high sweep rates consist of an additional current peak, which may be due to the reduction of adsorbed species formed during the reduction of H2O2. Amperometric determination of H2O2 at -0 center dot 50 V vs SCEprovides the detection limit of 5 A mu M H2O2. A plot of current density versus concentration has two segments suggesting a change in the mechanism of H2O2 reduction at concentrations of H2O2 a parts per thousand yen 2 mM. From the rotating disc electrode study, diffusion co-efficient of H2O2 and rate constant for reduction of H2O2 are evaluated.

Anodic deposition of porous RuO2 on stainless steel for supercapacitor studies at high current densities

Ruthenium dioxide is deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate by galvanostatic oxidation of Ru3+. At high current densities employed for this purpose, there is oxidation of water to oxygen, which occurs in parallel with Ru3+ oxidation. The oxygen evolution consumes a major portion of the charge. The oxygen evolution generates a high porosity to RuO2 films, which is evident from scanning electron microscopy studies. RuO2 is identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling studies indicate that RuO2/SS electrodes possess good capacitance properties. Specific capacitance of 276 F g−1 is obtained at current densities as high as 20 mA cm−2 (13.33 A g−1). Porous nature of RuO2 facilitates passing of high currents during charge–discharge cycling. RuO2/SS electrodes are thus useful for high power supercapacitor applications.

Criteria for prediction of flow instabilities and microstructural manifestations during warm working of AISI 304L stainless steel

The deformation characteristics of 304L stainless steel in compression in the temperature range 20–700°C and strain rate range 0·001–100 s−1 have been studied with the aim of characterising the .flow instabilities occurring in the microstructure. At higher temperatures and strain rates the stainless steel exhibits flow localisation, whereas at temperatures below 500°C and strain rates lower than 0·1 s−1 the flow instabilities are due to dynamic strain aging. Strain induced martensite formation is responsible for the flow instabilities at room temperature and low strain rates (0·01 s−1). In view of the occurrence of these instabilities, cold working is preferable to warm working to achieve dimensional tolerance and reproducible properties in the product. Among the different criteria tested to explain the occurrence of instabilities, the continuum criterion, developed on the basis of the principles of maximum rate of entropy production and separability of the dissipation function, predicts accurately all the above instability features.

Influence of cast versus wrought microstructure on the processing map for hot working of stainless steel type AISI 304

Processing maps for hot working of as-cast and wrought stainless steels of type AISI 304 have been developed in the temperature range 600 to 1250°C and strain rate range 0.001 to 100 s−1. The domain of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in as-cast material occurs at higher temperatures (1250°C) and lower strain rates (0.001 s−1) than in the wrought steel (1100°C and 0.01 s−1). The effect is explained in terms of enhanced nucleation rate of DRX due to the carbide, ferrite particles, stable oxides/nitrides and second-phase intermetallics in the as-cast microstructure. The DRX domain is wider in the wrought material although the peak efficiency is less (32%) than in the as-cast case (40%). The flow instability regime is not significantly affected by the initial microstructure

Influence of state of stress on the processing map for hot working of stainless steel type AISI 304L: compression vs. torsion

Processing maps for hot working of stainless steel of type AISI 304L have been developed on the basis of the flow stress data generated by compression and torsion in the temperature range 600–1200 °C and strain rate range 0.1–100 s−1. The efficiency of power dissipation given by 2m/(m+1) where m is the strain rate sensitivity is plotted as a function of temperature and strain rate to obtain a processing map, which is interpreted on the basis of the Dynamic Materials Model. The maps obtained by compression as well as torsion exhibited a domain of dynamic recrystallization with its peak efficiency occurring at 1200 °C and 0.1 s−1. These are the optimum hot-working parameters which may be obtained by either of the test techniques. The peak efficiency for the dynamic recrystallization is apparently higher (64%) than that obtained in constant-true-strain-rate compression (41%) and the difference in explained on the basis of strain rate variations occurring across the section of solid torsion bar. A region of flow instability has occurred at lower temperatures (below 1000 °C) and higher strain rates (above 1 s−1) and is wider in torsion than in compression. To achieve complete microstructure control in a component, the state of stress will have to be considered.

Processing map for hot working of stainless steel type AISI 316L

Processing and instability maps using a dynamic materials model have been developed for stainless steel type AISI 316L in the temperature range 600-1250-degrees-C and strain rate range 0.001-100 s-1 with a view to optimising its hot workability. Stainless steel type AISI 316L undergoes dynamic recrystallisation, with a peak efficiency of 35% at 1250-degrees-C and 0.05 s-1, which are the optimum parameters for hot working this material. The material undergoes dynamic recovery at 900-degrees-C and 0.001 s-1. The increase in the dynamic recrystallisation and dynamic recovery temperatures in comparison with stainless steel type AISI 304L is attributed to the presence of a backstress caused by the molybdenum additions. These results are in general agreement with those reported elsewhere on stainless steel type 316 deformed in hot extrusion and hot torsion. At temperatures < 850-degrees-C and strain rates > 10 s-1, the material exhibits flow localisation owing to adiabatic shear band formation, whereas at higher temperatures (> 850-degrees-C) and strain rates (> 10 s-1) mechanical twinning and wavy slip bands are observed. (C) 1993 The Institute of Materials.

Industrial validation of processing maps of 316L stainless steel using hot forging, rolling, and extrusion

The development of microstructure in 316L stainless steel during industrial hot forming operations including press forging (strain rate of 0 . 15 s(-1)), rolling/extrusion (strain rate of 2-8 . 8 s(-1)), and hammer forging (strain rate of 100 s(-1)) at different temperatures in the range 600-1200 degrees C was studied with a view to validating the predictions of the processing map. The results showed that good col relation existed between the regimes indicated in the map and the product microstructures. The 316L stainless steel exhibited unstable flow in the form of flow localisation when hammer forged at temperatures above 900 degrees C, rolled below 1000 degrees C, or press forged below 900 degrees C. All these conditions must therefore be avoided in mechanical processing of the material. Conversely, in order to obtain defect free microstructures, ideally the material should be rolled at temperatures above 1100 degrees C, press forged at temperatures above 1000 degrees C, or hammer forged in the temperature range 600-900 degrees C. (C) 1996 The Institute of Materials.

Influence of strain rate and state-of-stress on the formation of ferrite in stainless steel type AISI 304 during hot working

The influence of strain rate and state-of-stress on the formation of ferrite in stainless steel type AISI 304L, 304 and 304 as-cast, during hot working has been studied. Compression and torsion tests were conducted in the temperature range 1100 to 1250 degrees C and strain rate range 0.001 to 100 s(-1) on these materials, Ferrite formation occurs during deformation at temperatures above 1150 degrees C and strain rates above 10 s(-1), in stainless steel type AISI 304L and 304. The tendency for the formation of ferrite is more in as-cast 304 than in wrought 304, In as-cast 304 the ferrite forms at lower temperatures and strain rates, The tendency for the ferrite formation is more in torsion than in compression.