Application of various viscosity theories to the viscosity data of methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile random copolymersstar

Values of Ko, Flory constant related to unperturbed dimensions, are evaluated for methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile random copolymers using Flory-Fox, Kurata-Stockmayer and Inagaki-Ptitsyn methods and compared with the Ko values obtained by Stockmayer-Fixman method. Ko values are seen to be less in solvents which have large a (Mark-Houwink exponent) values. A correlation between Ko and a is developed to arrive at a more reliable estimate of Ko for this copolymer system.

Application of Haar functions for transmission line and transformer differential protection

The development of algorithms, based on Haar functions, for extracting the desired frequency components from transient power-system relaying signals is presented. The applications of these algorithms to impedance detection in transmission line protection and to harmonic restraint in transformer differential protection are discussed. For transmission line protection, three modes of application of the Haar algorithms are described: a full-cycle window algorithm, an approximate full-cycle window algorithm, and a half-cycle window algorithm. For power transformer differential protection, the combined second and fifth harmonic magnitude of the differential current is compared with that of fundamental to arrive at a trip decision. The proposed line protection algorithms are evaluated, under different fault conditions, using realistic relaying signals obtained from transient analysis conducted on a model 400 kV, 3-phase system. The transformer differential protection algorithms are also evaluated using a variety of simulated inrush and internal fault signals.

A simple procedure for purification of N-carbamoylputrescine: Application to assays of putrescine transcarbamoylase and agmatine iminohydrolase activities

The observation that N-carbamoylputrescine is quantitatively excluded on O-(carboxymethyl)-cellulose columns with simultaneous retention of putrescine and agmatine has been utilized to develop a sensitive radiometric assay for putrescine transcarbamoylase and a colorimetric assay for agmatine iminohydrolase. A simple procedure for obtaining bulk amounts of pure synthetic N-carbamoylputrescine by separation from putrescine and dicarbamoylputrescine on Dowex 50 (Na+) resin is described.

Application of the method of initial functions for the analysis of composite laminated plates

The method of initial functions has been applied for deriving higher order theories for cross-ply laminated composite thick rectangular plates. The equations of three-dimensional elasticity have been used. No a priori assumptions regarding the distribution of stresses or displacements are needed. Numerical solutions of the governing equations have been presented for simply supported edges and the results are compared with available ones.

Application of Mathematical Programming to the Plywood Design and Manufacturing Problem

Plywood manufacture includes two fundamental stages. The first is to peel or separate logs into veneer sheets of different thicknesses. The second is to assemble veneer sheets into finished plywood products. At the first stage a decision must be made as to the number of different veneer thicknesses to be peeled and what these thicknesses should be. At the second stage, choices must be made as to how these veneers will be assembled into final products to meet certain constraints while minimizing wood loss. These decisions present a fundamental management dilemma. Costs of peeling, drying, storage, handling, etc. can be reduced by decreasing the number of veneer thicknesses peeled. However, a reduced set of thickness options may make it infeasible to produce the variety of products demanded by the market or increase wood loss by requiring less efficient selection of thicknesses for assembly. In this paper the joint problem of veneer choice and plywood construction is formulated as a nonlinear integer programming problem. A relatively simple optimal solution procedure is developed that exploits special problem structure. This procedure is examined on data from a British Columbia plywood mill. Restricted to the existing set of veneer thicknesses and plywood designs used by that mill, the procedure generated a solution that reduced wood loss by 79 percent, thereby increasing net revenue by 6.86 percent. Additional experiments were performed that examined the consequences of changing the number of veneer thicknesses used. Extensions are discussed that permit the consideration of more than one wood species.

Size optimization of a cantilever beam under deformation-dependent loads with application to wheat stalks

In this paper, we consider the optimization of the cross-section profile of a cantilever beam under deformation-dependent loads. Such loads are encountered in plants and trees, cereal crop plants such as wheat and corn in particular. The wind loads acting on the grain-bearing spike of a wheat stalk vary with the orientation of the spike as the stalk bends; this bending and the ensuing change in orientation depend on the deformation of the plant under the same load.The uprooting of the wheat stalks under wind loads is an unresolved problem in genetically modified dwarf wheat stalks. Although it was thought that the dwarf varieties would acquire increased resistance to uprooting, it was found that the dwarf wheat plants selectively decreased the Young's modulus in order to be compliant. The motivation of this study is to investigate why wheat plants prefer compliant stems. We analyze this by seeking an optimal shape of the wheat plant's stem, which is modeled as a cantilever beam, by taking the large deflection of the stem into account with the help of co-rotational finite element beam modeling. The criteria considered here include minimum moment at the fixed ground support, adequate stiffness and strength, and the volume of material. The result reported here is an example of flexibility, rather than stiffness, leading to increased strength.

N-Urethane-Protected Amino Alkyl Isothiocyanates: Synthesis, Isolation, Characterization, and Application to the Synthesis of Thioureidopeptides

Synthetically useful N-Fmoc amino-alkyl isothiocyanates have been described, starting from protected amino acids. These compounds have been synthesized in excellent yields by thiocarbonylation of the monoprotected 1,2-diamines with CS2/TEA/p-TsCl, isolated as stable solids, and completely characterized. The procedure has been extended to the synthesis of amino alkyl isothiocyanates from Boc- and Z-protected amino acids as well. The utility of these isothiocyanates for peptidomimetics synthesis has been demonstrated by employing them in the preparation of a series of dithioureidopeptide esters. Boc-Gly-OH and Boc-Phe-OH derived isothiocyanates 9a and 9c have been obtained as single crystals and their structures solved through X-ray diffraction. They belong to the orthorhombic crystal system, and have a single molecule in the asymmetric unit (Z′ = 1). 9a crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group Pbca, while 9c crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group P212121.

A new method for generation of quasi-periodic structures withn fold axes: Application to five and seven folds

A new geometrical method for generating aperiodic lattices forn-fold non-crystallographic axes is described. The method is based on the self-similarity principle. It makes use of the principles of gnomons to divide the basic triangle of a regular polygon of 2n sides to appropriate isosceles triangles and to generate a minimum set of rhombi required to fill that polygon. The method is applicable to anyn-fold noncrystallographic axis. It is first shown how these regular polygons can be obtained and how these can be used to generate aperiodic structures. In particular, the application of this method to the cases of five-fold and seven-fold axes is discussed. The present method indicates that the recursion rule used by others earlier is a restricted one and that several aperiodic lattices with five fold symmetry could be generated. It is also shown how a limited array of approximately square cells with large dimensions could be detected in a quasi lattice and these are compared with the unit cell dimensions of MnAl6 suggested by Pauling. In addition, the recursion rule for sub-dividing the three basic rhombi of seven-fold structure was obtained and the aperiodic lattice thus generated is also shown.

Visualization of enantiomers using natural abundant 13C-filtered single and double quantum selective refocusing experiments: Application to small chiral molecules

The routine use of proton NMR for the visualization of enantiomers, aligned in the chiral liquid crystal solvent poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate (PBLG), is restricted due to severe loss of resolution arising from large number of pair wise interaction of nuclear spins. In the present study, we have designed two experimental techniques for their visualization utilizing the natural abundance 13C edited selective refocusing of single quantum (CH-SERF) and double quantum (CH-DQSERF) coherences. The methods achieve chiral discrimination and aid in the simultaneous determination of homonuclear couplings between active and passive spins and heteronuclear couplings between the excited protons and the participating 13C spin. The CH-SERF also overcomes the problem of overlap of central transitions of the methyl selective refocusing (SERF) experiment resulting in better chiral discrimination. Theoretical description of the evolution of magnetization in both the sequences has been discussed using polarization operator formalism.

On the propagation of a weak shock front: Theory and application

In this paper the kinematics of a weak shock front governed by a hyperbolic system of conservation laws is studied. This is used to develop a method for solving problems, involving the propagation of nonlinear unimodal waves. It consists of first solving the nonlinear wave problem by moving along the bicharacteristics of the system and then fitting the shock into this solution field, so that it satisfies the necessary jump conditions. The kinematics of the shock leads in a natural way to the definition of ldquoshock-raysrdquo, which play the same role as the ldquoraysrdquo in a continuous flow. A special case of a circular cylinder introduced suddenly in a constant streaming flow is studied in detail. The shock fitted in the upstream region propagates with a velocity which is the mean of the velocities of the linear and the nonlinear wave fronts. In the downstream the solution is given by an expansion wave.

Application of partition method to vibration problems of plates

The “partition method” or “sub-domain method” consists of expressing the solution of a governing differential equation, partial or ordinary, in terms of functions which satisfy the boundary conditions and setting to zero the error in the differential equation integrated over each of the sub-domains into which the given domain is partitioned. In this paper, the use of this method in eigenvalue problems with particular reference to vibration of plates is investigated. The deflection of the plate is expressed in terms of polynomials satisfying the boundary conditions completely. Setting the integrated error in each of the subdomains to zero results in a set of simultaneous, linear, homogeneous, algebraic equations in the undetermined coefficients of the deflection series. The algebraic eigenvalue problem is then solved for eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Convergence is examined in a few typical cases and is found to be satisfactory. The results obtained are compared with existing results based on other methods and are found to be in very good agreement.

Application of partition method to vibration problems of plates

The “partition method” or “sub-domain method” consists of expressing the solution of a governing differential equation, partial or ordinary, in terms of functions which satisfy the boundary conditions and setting to zero the error in the differential equation integrated over each of the sub-domains into which the given domain is partitioned. In this paper, the use of this method in eigenvalue problems with particular reference to vibration of plates is investigated. The deflection of the plate is expressed in terms of polynomials satisfying the boundary conditions completely. Setting the integrated error in each of the subdomains to zero results in a set of simultaneous, linear, homogeneous, algebraic equations in the undetermined coefficients of the deflection series. The algebraic eigenvalue problem is then solved for eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Convergence is examined in a few typical cases and is found to be satisfactory. The results obtained are compared with existing results based on other methods and are found to be in very good agreement.

Immunologic studies on nucleic acids and their components II. Reversible inhibition of anti-nucleoside antibodies in aqueous pyridine and its application in antibody

The effect of aqueous pyridine on a hapten—antihapten system was investigated by the quantitative precipitin reaction and by the membrane filtration method. It was found that dilute solutions of pyridine inhibited the reaction between isopentenyladenosine and its antiserum. Other solvents examined were less effective. The effect of pyridine was reversible at concentrations where complete inhibition occurred, thus indicating its use for the dissociation of antigen—antibody complexes. The inhibitory effect of pyridine was exploited in a single-step purification method for anti—isopentenyladenosine and antideoxy-adenylate antibodies. In addition, generally applicable methods for linking nucleosides and nucleotides to aminoethyl-Sepharose are described.

A note on the application of a radiation condition for a source in a rotating stratified fluid

The motion due to an oscillatory point source in a rotating stratified fluid has been studied by Sarma & Naidu (1972) by using threefold Fourier transforms. The solution obtained by them in the hyperbolic case is wrong since they did not make use of any radiation condition, which is always necessary to get the correct solution. Whenever the motion is created by a source, the condition of radiation is that the sources must remain sources, not sinks of energy and no energy may be radiated from infinity into the prescribed singularities of the field. The purpose of the present note is to explain how Lighthill's (1960) radiation condition can be applied in the hyperbolic case to pick the correct solution. Further, the solution thus obtained is reiterated by an alternative procedure using Sommerfeld's (1964) radiation condition.