Exploration of supersonic confined mixing layer: Effect of dissimilar gases at different temperatures

The growth rate of high-speed mixing layer between two dissimilar gases is explored through the model free simulation results. To analyse the cause for the higher mixing layer growth rate in comparison to the existing values reported in literature, the results were compared with the model free simulations of mixing of two high-speed streams of nitrogen (similar gas) at matched temperature and density. The analysis indicates that pressure and density fluctuations no longer remain correlated completely for the mixing layer formed between two dissimilar gases at different temperatures in contrast to the complete pressure density correlation for similar gases. It has been observed that the correlation between temperature and density fluctuations is near -1.0 for dissimilar gases in the mixing layer region and is much higher than for similar gases. It is concluded that mixing layer of similar gases shows a decrease in growth rate due to compressibility effect, while that of dissimilar gases shows a decrease due to dominant temperature effect on density.

Effect of surfactants on the instability of a two-layer film flow down an inclined plane

The effect of insoluble surfactants on the instability of a two-layer film flow down an inclined plane is investigated based on the Orr-Sommerfeld boundary value problem. The study, focusing on Stokes flow P. Gao and X.-Y. Lu, ``Effect of surfactants on the inertialess instability of a two-layer film flow,'' J. Fluid Mech. 591, 495-507 (2007)], is further extended by including the inertial effect. The surface mode is recognized along with the interface mode. The initial growth rate corresponding to the interface mode accelerates at sufficiently long-wave regime in the presence of surface surfactant. However, the maximum growth rate corresponding to both interface and surface modes decelerates in the presence of surface surfactant when the upper layer is more viscous than the lower layer. On the other hand, when the upper layer is less viscous than the lower layer, a new interfacial instability develops due to the inertial effect and becomes weaker in the presence of interfacial surfactant. In the limit of negligible surface and interfacial tensions, respectively, two successive peaks of temporal growth rate appear in the long-wave and short-wave regimes when the interface mode is analyzed. However, in the case of the surface mode, only the long-wave peak appears. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Active guests in the MoS2/MoSe2 host lattice: efficient hydrogen evolution using few-layer alloys of MoS2(1-x)Se2x

Few-layer transition metal dichalcogenide alloys based on molybdenum sulphoselenides MoS2(1-x)Se2x] possess higher hydrogen evolution (HER) activity compared to pristine few-layer MoS2 and MoSe2. Variation of the sulphur or selenium content in the parent dichalcogenides reveals a systematic structure-activity relationship for different compositions of alloys, and it is found that the composition MoS1.0Se1.0 shows the highest HER activity amongst the catalysts studied. The tunable electronic structure of MoS2/MoSe2 upon Se/S incorporation probably assists in the realization of high HER activity.

Instabilities in a fluid overlying an inclined anisotropic and inhomogeneous porous layer

In this paper, linear stability analysis on a Newtonian fluid film flowing under the effect of gravity over an inclined porous medium saturated with the same fluid in isothermal condition is carried out. The focus is placed on the effect of the anisotropic and inhomogeneous variations in the permeability of the porous medium on the shear mode and surface mode instabilities. The fluid-porous system is modelled by a coupled two-dimensional Navier-Stokes/Darcy problem. The perturbation equations are solved numerically using the Chebyshev collocation method. Detailed stability characteristics as a function of the depth ratio (the ratio of the depth of the fluid layer to that of the porous layer), the anisotropic parameter (the ratio of the permeability in the direction of the basic flow to that in the direction transverse to the basic flow) and the inhomogeneity functions are presented.

Layer-by-Layer Assembled Thin Films and Microcapsules of Nanocrystalline Cellulose for Hydrophobic Drug Delivery

A layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has been employed for the fabrication of multilayer thin films and microcapsules having nanofibrous morphology using nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) as one of the components of the assembly. The applicability of these nanoassemblies as drug delivery carriers has been explored by the loading of an anticancer drug, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and a water-insoluble drug, curcumin. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, having a good water solubility, is postloaded in the assembly. In the case of curcumin, which is very hydrophobic and has limited solubility in water, a stable dispersion is prepared via noncovalent interaction with NCC prior to incorporation in the LbL assembly. The interaction of various other lipophilic drugs with NCC was analyzed theoretically by molecular docking in consideration of NCC as a general carrier for hydrophobic drugs.

Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Nafion on Surlyn with Ultrahigh Water Vapor Barrier

A layer-by-layer approach was used for the fabrication of multilayer films for ultra high gas barrier applications. The ultra high gas barrier material was designed by incorporating Nafion layer in between bilayers of poly(ethylene imine) and poly(acrylic acid) on a Surlyn substrate. When the barrier film with self-assembled Nafion is exposed to the moist environment, Nafion absorbs and desorbs water molecules simultaneously, thereby reducing the ingress of moisture in to the film. In order to study the effect of Nafion, the fabricated barrier materials with and without the presence of Nafion were tested for water vapor barrier properties. The barrier films were further used for encapsulating organic photovoltaic devices and were evaluated for their potential use in barrier applications. The devices encapsulated with the films containing Nafion exhibited better performance when subjected to accelerated aging conditions. Therefore, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of self-assembled Nafion in reducing the water vapor permeability by nearly five orders of magnitude and in increasing the lifetimes of organic devices by similar to 22 times under accelerated weathering conditions.

And yet it shrinks: A novel method for correcting bias in forest tree growth estimates caused by water-induced fluctuations

Accuracy in tree woody growth estimates is important to global carbon budget estimation and climate-change science. Tree growth in permanent sampling plots (PSPs) is commonly estimated by measuring stem diameter changes, but this method is susceptible to bias resulting from water-induced reversible stem shrinkage. In the absence of bias correction, temporal variability in growth is likely to be overestimated and incorrectly attributed to fluctuations in resource availability, especially in forests with high seasonal and inter-annual variability in water. We propose and test a novel approach for estimating and correcting this bias at the community level. In a 50-ha PSP from a seasonally dry tropical forest in southern India, where tape measurements have been taken every four years from 1988 to 2012, for nine trees we estimated bias due to reversible stem shrinkage as the difference between woody growth measured using tree rings and that estimated from tape. We tested if the bias estimated from these trees could be used as a proxy to correct bias in tape-based growth estimates at the PSP scale. We observed significant shrinkage-related bias in the growth estimates of the nine trees in some censuses. This bias was strongly linearly related to tape-based growth estimates at the level of the PSP, and could be used as a proxy. After bias was corrected, the temporal variance in growth rates of the PSP decreased, while the effect of exceptionally dry or wet periods was retained, indicating that at least a part of the temporal variability arose from reversible shrinkage-related bias. We also suggest that the efficacy of the bias correction could be improved by measuring the proxy on trees that belong to different size classes and census timing, but not necessarily to different species. Our approach allows for reanalysis - and possible reinterpretation of temporal trends in tree growth, above ground biomass change, or carbon fluxes in forests, and their relationships with resource availability in the context of climate change. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrodynamic instability and shear layer effect on the response of an acoustically excited laminar premixed flame

Combustion instabilities can cause serious problems which limit the operating envelope of low-emission lean premixed combustion systems. Predicting the onset of combustion instability requires a description of the unsteady heat release driving the instability, i.e., the heat release response transfer function of the system. This study focuses on the analysis of fully coupled two-way interactions between a disturbance field and a laminar premixed flame that incorporates gas expansion effects by solving the conservation equations of a compressible fluid. Results of the minimum and maximum flame front deflections are presented to underline the impact of the hydrodynamic instability on the flame and the shear layer effect on the initial flame front wrinkling which is increased at decreasing gas expansion. These phenomena influence the magnitude of the burning area and burning area rate response of the flame at lower frequency excitation more drastically than reduced-order model (ROM) predictions even for low temperature ratios. It is shown that the general trend of the flame response magnitudes can be well captured at higher frequency excitation, where stretch effects are dominant. The phase response is influenced by the DL mechanism, which cannot be captured by the ROM, and by the resulting discrepancy in the flame pocket formation and annihilation process at the flame tip. (C) 2014 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,

Pressure-Dependent Optical and Vibrational Properties of Mono layer Molybdenum Disulfide

Controlling the band gap by tuning the lattice structure through pressure engineering is a relatively new route for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we investigate the electronic structure and lattice vibrational dynamics of the distorted monolayer 1T-MoS2 (1T') and the monolayer 2H-MoS2 via a diamond anvil cell (DAC) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The direct optical band gap of the monolayer 2H-MoS2 increases by 11.7% from 1.85 to 2.08 eV, which is the highest reported for a 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material. DFT calculations reveal a subsequent decrease in the band gap with eventual metallization of the monolayer 2H-MoS2, an overall complex structureproperty relation due to the rich band structure of MoS2. Remarkably, the metastable 1T'-MoS2 metallic state remains invariant with pressure, with the J(2), A(1g), and E(2)g modes becoming dominant at high pressures. This substantial reversible tunability of the electronic and vibrational properties of the MoS2 family can be extended to other 2D TMDs. These results present an important advance toward controlling the band structure and optoelectronic properties of monolayer MoS2 via pressure, which has vital implications for enhanced device applications.

A robust layer adapted difference method for singularly perturbed two-parameter parabolic problems

A finite difference method for a time-dependent singularly perturbed convection-diffusion-reaction problem involving two small parameters in one space dimension is considered. We use the classical implicit Euler method for time discretization and upwind scheme on the Shishkin-Bakhvalov mesh for spatial discretization. The method is analysed for convergence and is shown to be uniform with respect to both the perturbation parameters. The use of the Shishkin-Bakhvalov mesh gives first-order convergence unlike the Shishkin mesh where convergence is deteriorated due to the presence of a logarithmic factor. Numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical estimates obtained.

Space-Time Coded Spatial Modulated Physical Layer Network Coding for Two-Way Relaying

Using the spatial modulation approach, where only one transmit antenna is active at a time, we propose two transmission schemes for two-way relay channel using physical layer network coding with space time coding using coordinate interleaved orthogonal designs (CIODs). It is shown that using two uncorrelated transmit antennas at the nodes, but using only one RF transmit chain and space-time coding across these antennas can give a better performance without using any extra resources and without increasing the hardware implementation cost and complexity. In the first transmission scheme, two antennas are used only at the relay, adaptive network coding (ANC) is employed at the relay and the relay transmits a CIOD space time block code (STBC). This gives a better performance compared to an existing ANC scheme for two-way relay channel which uses one antenna each at all the three nodes. It is shown that for this scheme at high SNR the average end-to-end symbol error probability (SEP) is upper bounded by twice the SEP of a point-to-point fading channel. In the second transmission scheme, two transmit antennas are used at all the three nodes, CIOD STBCs are transmitted in multiple access and broadcast phases. This scheme provides a diversity order of two for the average end-to-end SEP with an increased decoding complexity of O(M-3) for an arbitrary signal set and O(M-2 root M) for square QAM signal set. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes performs better than the existing ANC schemes under perfect and imperfect channel state information.

Calcium Permeable AMPA Receptor-Dependent Long Lasting Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability in Fast Spiking Interneurons of the Dentate Gyrus Decreases Inhibition in the Granule Cell Layer

The local fast-spiking interneurons (FSINs) are considered to be crucial for the generation, maintenance, and modulation of neuronal network oscillations especially in the gamma frequency band. Gamma frequency oscillations have been associated with different aspects of behavior. But the prolonged effects of gamma frequency synaptic activity on the FSINs remain elusive. Using whole cell current clamp patch recordings, we observed a sustained decrease of intrinsic excitability in the FSINs of the dentate gyrus (DG) following repetitive stimulations of the mossy fibers at 30 Hz (gamma bursts). Surprisingly, the granule cells (GCs) did not express intrinsic plastic changes upon similar synaptic excitation of their apical dendritic inputs. Interestingly, pairing the gamma bursts with membrane hyperpolarization accentuated the plasticity in FSINs following the induction protocol, while the plasticity attenuated following gamma bursts paired with membrane depolarization. Paired pulse ratio measurement of the synaptic responses did not show significant changes during the experiments. However, the induction protocols were accompanied with postsynaptic calcium rise in FSINs. Interestingly, the maximum and the minimum increase occurred during gamma bursts with membrane hyperpolarization and depolarization respectively. Including a selective blocker of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) in the bath; significantly attenuated the calcium rise and blocked the membrane potential dependence of the calcium rise in the FSINs, suggesting their involvement in the observed phenomenon. Chelation of intracellular calcium, blocking HCN channel conductance or blocking CP-AMPARs during the experiment forbade the long lasting expression of the plasticity. Simultaneous dual patch recordings from FSINs and synaptically connected putative GCs confirmed the decreased inhibition in the GCs accompanying the decreased intrinsic excitability in the FSINs. Experimentally constrained network simulations using NEURON predicted increased spiking in the GC owing to decreased input resistance in the FSIN. We hypothesize that the selective plasticity in the FSINs induced by local network activity may serve to increase information throughput into the downstream hippocampal subfields besides providing neuroprotection to the FSINs. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

THREE-LAYER FLUID FLOW OVER A SMALL OBSTRUCTION ON THE BOTTOM OF A CHANNEL

Many boundary value problems occur in a natural way while studying fluid flow problems in a channel. The solutions of two such boundary value problems are obtained and analysed in the context of flow problems involving three layers of fluids of different constant densities in a channel, associated with an impermeable bottom that has a small undulation. The top surface of the channel is either bounded by a rigid lid or free to the atmosphere. The fluid in each layer is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible, and the flow is irrotational and two-dimensional. Only waves that are stationary with respect to the bottom profile are considered in this paper. The effect of surface tension is neglected. In the process of obtaining solutions for both the problems, regular perturbation analysis along with a Fourier transform technique is employed to derive the first-order corrections of some important physical quantities. Two types of bottom topography, such as concave and convex, are considered to derive the profiles of the interfaces. We observe that the profiles are oscillatory in nature, representing waves of variable amplitude with distinct wave numbers propagating downstream and with no wave upstream. The observations are presented in tabular and graphical forms.

Enhancing the mechanical and biological performance of a metallic biomaterial for orthopedic applications through changes in the surface oxide layer by nanocrystalline surface modification

Nanostructured metals are a promising class of biomaterials for application in orthopedics to improve the mechanical performance and biological response for increasing the life of biomedical implants. Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) is an efficient way of engineering nanocrystalline surfaces on metal substrates. In this work, 316L stainless steel (SS), a widely used orthopedic biomaterial, was subjected to SMAT to generate a nanocrystalline surface. Surface nanocrystallization modified the nature of the oxide layer present on the surface. It increased the corrosion-fatigue strength in saline by 50%. This increase in strength is attributed to a thicker oxide layer, residual compressive stresses, high strength of the surface layer, and lower propensity for intergranular corrosion in the nanocrystalline layer. Nanocrystallization also enhanced osteoblast attachment and proliferation. Intriguingly, wettability and surface roughness, the key parameters widely acknowledged for controlling the cellular response remained unchanged after nanocrystallization. The observed cellular behavior is explained in terms of the changes in electronic properties of the semiconducting passive oxide film present on the surface of 316L SS. Nanocrystallization increased the charge carrier density of the n-type oxide film likely preventing denaturation of the adsorbed cell-adhesive proteins such as fibronectin. In addition, a net positive charge developed on the otherwise neutral oxide layer, which is known to facilitate cellular adhesion. The role of changes in the electronic properties of the oxide films on metal substrates is thus highlighted in this work. This study demonstrates the advantages of nanocrystalline surface modification by SMAT for processing metallic biomaterials used in orthopedic implants.

Behaviour of turbulent Prandtl/Schmidt number in compressible mixing layer

The behaviour of turbulent Prandtl/Schmidt number is explored through the model-free simulation results. It has been observed that compressibility affects the Reynolds scalar flux vectors. Reduced peak values are also observed for compressible convective Mach number mixing layer as compared with the incompressible convective Mach number counterpart, indicating a reduction in the mixing of enthalpy and species. Pr-t and Sc-t variations also indicate a reduction in mixing. It is observed that unlike the incompressible case, it is difficult to assign a constant value to these numbers due to their continuous variation in space. Modelling of Pr-t and Sc-t would be necessary to cater for this continuous spatial variation. However, the turbulent Lewis number is evaluated to be near unity for the compressible case, making it necessary to model only one of the Pr-t and Sc-t..