Electrical properties of buckled multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays in the diffusive regime

We report the geometrical effect of graded buckled multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays on the electrical transport properties in the diffusive regime, via successive breakdown caused by the Joule heating. This breakdown occurs in the straighter region. Empirical relations involving the current-carrying ability, resistance, breakdown power, threshold voltage, diameter and length of carbon nanotube arrays are discussed on the basis of an extensive set of experimental data along with justification. The experimental results are corroborated by the density functional tight-binding calculations of electronic band structure. The band gap decreases as buckleness increases leading to the enhancement in the current-carrying ability and elucidating the role of buckleness in carbon nanotubes. Copyright (c) EPLA, 2012

Influence of GaN underlayer thickness on structural, electrical and optical properties of InN films grown by PAMBE

We present an extensive study on the structural, electrical and optical properties of InN thin films grown on c-Al2O3, GaN(130 nm)/Al2O3, GaN(200 nm)/Al2O3 and GaN(4 mu m)/Al2O3 by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The high resolution X-ray diffraction study reveals better crystalline quality for the film grown on GaN(4 mu m)/Al2O3 as compared to others. The electronic and optical properties seem to be greatly influenced by the structural quality of the films, as can be evidenced from Hall measurement and optical absorption spectroscopy. Kane's k.p model was used to describe the dependence of optical absorption edge of InN films on carrier concentration by considering the non-parabolic dispersion relation for carrier in the conduction band. Room temperature Raman spectra for the InN films grown on GaN show the signature of residual tensile stress in contrast to the compressive stress observed for the films grown directly on c-Al2O3. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanical and electrical contact resistance characteristics of a cellular assembly of carbon nanotubes

We employ nanoindentation coupled with electrical contact resistance measurements for simultaneous characterization of the electrical and mechanical behaviors of a cellular assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Experimental results reveal two different responses that correspond to relatively dense and porous regions of the cellular structure. Distinct nonlinear electron transport characteristics are observed, which mainly originate from diffusive conductance in the CNT structure. In the denser region, differential conductance shows asymmetric minima at lower bias, implying that conductivity mainly results from bulk tunneling. However, the porous regions show insignificant differential conduction as opposed to the denser region.

Electrical transport characteristics of ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3 glasses

Optically clear glasses in the ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3 (ZBBO) system were fabricated via the conventional melt-quenching technique. Dielectric constant and loss measurements carried out on ZBBO glasses unraveled nearly frequency (1 kHz-10 MHz)-independent dielectric characteristics associated with significantly low loss (D = 0.004). However, weak temperature response was found with temperature coefficient of dielectric constant 18 +/- 4 ppm A degrees C-1 in the 35-250 A degrees C temperature range. The conduction and relaxation phenomena were rationalized using universal AC conductivity power law and modulus formalism respectively. The activation energy for relaxation determined using imaginary parts of modulus peaks was 2.54 eV which was close to that of the DC conduction implying the involvement of similar energy barriers in both the processes. Stretched and power exponents were temperature dependent. The relaxation and conduction in these glasses were attributed to the hoping and migration of Bi3+ cations in their own and different local environment.

Common Ground Method of Current Injection in Electrical Impedance Tomography

Surface electrodes are essentially required to be switched for boundary data collection in electrical impedance tomography (Ell). Parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers used, generally, for electrode switching in ELT. More the electrodes in an EIT system more the digital data bits are needed. For a sixteen electrode system. 16 parallel digital data bits are required to operate the multiplexers in opposite or neighbouring current injection method. In this paper a common ground current injection is proposed for EIT and the resistivity imaging is studied. Common ground method needs only two analog multiplexers each of which need only 4 digital data bits and hence only 8 digital bits are required to switch the 16 surface electrodes. Results show that the USB based data acquisition system sequentially generate digital data required for multiplexers operating in common ground current injection method. The profile of the boundary data collected from practical phantom show that the multiplexers are operating in the required sequence in common ground current injection protocol. The voltage peaks obtained for all the inhomogeneity configurations are found at the accurate positions in the boundary data matrix which proved the sequential operation of multiplexers. Resistivity images reconstructed from the boundary data collected from the practical phantom with different configurations also show that the entire digital data generation module is functioning properly. Reconstructed images and their image parameters proved that the boundary data are successfully acquired by the DAQ system which in turn indicates a sequential and proper operation of multiplexers.

Impact of chemical treatment on the surface, structure, optical and electrical properties of SnS thin films

The impact of chemical treatment on the surface morphology and other physical properties of tin monosulphide (SnS) thin films have been investigated. The SnS films treated with selected organic solvents exhibited strong improvement in their crystalline-quality and considerable decrease in electrical resistivity. Particularly, the films treated with chloroform showed very low electrical resistivity of similar to 5 Omega cm and a low optical band gap of 1.81 eV as compared to untreated and treated SnS films with other chemicals. From these studies we realized that the chemical treatment of SnS films has strong impact on their surface morphology and also on other physical properties. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrical switching studies on amorphous Ge‐Te‐Sn thin films

Electrical switching studies on amorphous Ge17Te83−xSnx thin films (1 ≤ x ≤ 4) has been done to find their suitability for Phase Change Memory application; Bulk ingots in glassy form are prepared using conventional melt quenching technique and the thin films are coated using flash evaporation technique. Samples are found to exhibit memory type of electrical switching behavior. The switching voltages of Ge17Te83−xSnx thin films have been found to decrease with increase in Sn concentration. The comparatively lower switching voltages of Ge17Te83−xSnx samples, make them suitable candidates for phase change memory applications.

Classification of Vehicles using Magnetic Dipole Model

This paper presents an efficient approach to the modeling and classification of vehicles using the magnetic signature of the vehicle. A database was created using the magnetic signature collected over a wide range of vehicles(cars). A vehicle is modeled as an array of magnetic dipoles. The strength of the magnetic dipole and the separation between the magnetic dipoles varies for different vehicles and is dependent on the metallic composition and configuration of the vehicle. Based on the magnetic dipole data model, we present a novel method to extract a feature vector from the magnetic signature. In the classification of vehicles, a linear support vector machine configuration is used to classify the vehicles based on the obtained feature vectors.

Physics-Based Solution for Electrical Resistance of Graphene Under Self-Heating Effect

In this brief, we present a physics-based solution for the temperature-dependent electrical resistance of a suspended metallic single-layer graphene (SLG) sheet under Joule self-heating. The effect of in-plane and flexural phonons on the electron scattering rates for a doped SLG layer has been considered, which particularly demonstrates the variation of the electrical resistance with increasing temperature at different current levels using the solution of the self-heating equation. The present solution agrees well with the available experimental data done with back-gate electrostatic method over a wide range of temperatures.

Electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic and electrical properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by solution combustion method. The nanoparticle are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PXRD reveals single phase, cubic spinel structure with Fd (3) over barm (227) space group. SEM micrograph shows the particles are agglomerated and porous in nature. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum exhibits a broad resonance signal g=2.150 and is attributed to super exchange between Fe3+ and Co2+. Magnetization values of CoFe2O4 nanoparticle are lower when compared to the literature values of bulk samples. This can be attributed to the surface spin canting due to large surface-to-volume ratio for a nanoscale system. The variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and AC conductivity of as-synthesized nano CoFe2O4 particles at room temperature as a function of frequency has been studied. The magnetic and dielectric properties of the samples show that they are suitable for electronic and biomedical applications.

Structural, electrical and dielectric properties of sputtered TiO2 films for Al/TiO2/Si capacitors

Metal-oxide semiconductor capacitors based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) gate dielectrics were prepared by RF magnetron sputtering technique. The deposited films were post-annealed at temperatures in the range 773-1173 K in air for 1 hour. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural properties of TiO2 films was investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, the surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the electrical properties of Al/TiO2/p-Si structure were measured recording capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics. The as-deposited films and the films annealed at temperatures lower than 773 K formed in the anatase phase, while those annealed at temperatures higher than 973 K were made of mixtures of the rutile and anatase phases. FTIR analysis revealed that, in the case of films annealed at 1173 K, an interfacial layer had formed, thereby reducing the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant of the as-deposited films was 14 and increased from 25 to 50 with increases in the annealing temperature from 773 to 973 K. The leakage current density of as-deposited films was 1.7 x 10(-5) and decreased from 4.7 X 10(-6) to 3.5 x 10(-9) A/cm(2) with increases in the annealing temperature from 773 to 1173 K. The electrical conduction in the Al/TiO2/p-Si structures was studied on the basis of the plots of Schottky emission, Poole-Frenkel emission and Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling. The effect of structural changes on the current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of Al/TiO2/p-Si capacitors was also discussed.

Composition, structure and electrical properties of DC reactive magnetron sputtered Al2O3 thin films

Thin films of alumina (Al2O3) were deposited over Si < 1 0 0 > substrates at room temperature at an oxygen gas pressure of 0.03 Pa and sputtering power of 60 W using DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The composition of the as-deposited film was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the O/Al atomic ratio was found to be 1.72. The films were then annealed in vacuum to 350, 550 and 750 degrees C and X-ray diffraction results revealed that both as-deposited and post deposition annealed films were amorphous. The surface morphology and topography of the films was studied using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. A progressive decrease in the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the films from 1.53 nm to 0.7 nm was observed with increase in the annealing temperature. Al-Al2O3-Al thin film capacitors were then fabricated on p-type Si < 1 0 0 > substrate to study the effect of temperature and frequency on the dielectric property of the films and the results are discussed.

Effect of TiO2 on electrical and magnetic properties of Ni0.35Cu0.12Zn0.35Fe2O4 synthesized by the microwave-hydrothermal method

The nanocomposites of xTiO(2)+(1-x)Ni0.53Cu0.12Zn0.35Fe2O4 (where 0 <= x >= 1) were prepared using microwave hydrothermal (M H) method at 165 degrees C/45 min. The as-synthesized powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The particle size of the powder varies from 18 to 35 nm. The as prepared powders were densified at 500 degrees C/30 min using microwave sintering method. The sintered composites were characterized by XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bulk densities of the present composites were increasing with the addition of TiO2. The grain sizes of all the composite vary between 65 nm and 90 nm. The addition of TiO2 to ferrite increased the dielectric properties (epsilon' and epsilon `') also the resonant frequency of all the composites was found to be greater than 1 GHz. The imaginary part of permeability mu `' was found to increase with an increase of TiO2.

Annihilation of vortex dipoles in an oblate Bose-Einstein condensate

We theoretically explore the annihilation of vortex dipoles, generated when an obstacle moves through an oblate Bose-Einstein condensate, and examine the energetics of the annihilation event. We show that the grey soliton, which results from the vortex dipole annihilation, is lower in energy than the vortex dipole. We also investigate the annihilation events numerically and observe that annihilation occurs only when the vortex dipole overtakes the obstacle and comes closer than the coherence length. Furthermore, we find that noise reduces the probability of annihilation events. This may explain the lack of annihilation events in experimental realizations.

Multi-resistance states in the electrical switching behavior of amorphous Si15Te75Ge10 thin films: Possibility of multi-bit storage

Electrical switching studies on amorphous Si15Te75Ge10 thin film devices reveal the existence of two distinct, stable low-resistance, SET states, achieved by varying the electrical input to the device. The multiple resistance levels can be attributed to multi-stage crystallization, as observed from temperature dependant resistance studies. The devices are tested for their ability to be RESET with minimal resistance degradation; further, they exhibit a minimal drift in the SET resistance value even after several months of switching. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.