Shape Memory Alloy based Active Chiral Composite Cells

Wing morphing is one of the emerging methodology towards improving aerodynamic efficiency of flight vehicle structures. In this paper a morphing structural element is designed and studied which has its origin in the well known chiral structures. The new aspect of design and functionality explored in this paper is that the chiral cell is actuated using thermal Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuator wires to provide directional motion. Such structure utilizes the potential of different actuations concepts based on actuator embedded in the chiral structure skin. This paper describes a new class of chiral cell structure with integrated SMA wire for actuation. Chiral topological constructs are obtained by considering passive and active load path decoupling and sub-optimal shape changes. Single cell of chiral honeycomb with actuators are analyzed using finite element simulation results and experiments. To this end, a multi-cell plan-form is characterized showing interesting possibilities in structural morphing applications. The applicability of the developed chiral cell to flexible wing skin, variable stiffness based design and controlling longitudinal-to-transverse stiffness ratio are discussed.

Use of Composition-Graded Bi-Electrolyte Cells for Thermodynamic Studies on Lanthanum Aluminates

Innovative bi-electrolyte solid-state cells incorporating single crystal CaF2 and composition-graded solid electrolyte (LaF3) y (CaF2) 1-y (y = 0 to 0.32) were used for measurement of the standard Gibbs energy of formation of hexagonal La0.885Al11.782O19 and cubic LaAlO3 from component binary oxides La2O3 and alpha-Al2O3 in the temperature range from 875 to 1175 K. The cells were designed based on experimentally verified relevant phase relations in the systems La2O3-Al2O3LaF3 and CaF2-LaF3. The results can be summarized as: 5.891 alpha-Al2O3 + 0.4425 La2O3 (A-rare earth)-> La0.885Al11.782O19 (hex), Delta G(f(ox))(degrees)(+/- 2005)/Jmol(-1) = -80982 + 7.313(T/K); 1/2 La2O3 (A-rare earth) + 1/2 a-Al2O3 -> LaAlO3 (cubic), Delta G(f(ox))(degrees)(+/- 2100)/Jmol(-1) = -59810 + 4.51(T/K). Electron probe microanalysis was used to ascertain the non-stoichiometric range of the hexaaluminate phase. The results are critically analyzed in the light of earlier electrochemical measurements. Several imperfections in the electrochemical cells used by former investigators are identified. Data obtained in the study for LaAlO3 are consistent with calorimetric enthalpy of formation and entropy derived from heat capacity data. Estimated are the standard entropy and the standard enthalpy of formation from elements of hexagonal La0.885Al11.782O19 and rhombohedral LaAlO3 at 298.15 K. c 2014 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the sponge Jaspis diastra collected from Mauritius Waters on HeLa cells

Objectives Based on previous screening results, the cytotoxic effect of the hexane (JDH) and ethyl acetate extracts (JDE) of the marine sponge Jaspis diastra were evaluated on HeLa cells and the present study aimed at determining their possible mechanism of cell death. Methods Nuclear staining, membrane potential change, flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle distribution and annexin V staining were undertaken to investigate the effects of JDE and JDH. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize an isolated bioactive molecule. Key findings JDE displayed an IC50 25 times more significant than the JDH. Flow cytometry analysis revealed JDE induced apoptosis in HeLa cells accompanied by the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. Fractionation of JDE resulted in the isolation of the known cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide, Jaspamide. Conclusions Taking our results together suggest that JDE can be valuable for the development of anticancer drugs, especially for cervical cancer. Further investigations are currently in progress with the aim to determine and isolate other bioactive compounds from this extract.

Design and Synthesis of New Benzimidazole-Carbazole Conjugates for the Stabilization of Human Telomeric DNA, Telomerase Inhibition, and Their Selective Action on Cancer Cells

Cell-permeable small molecules that enhance the stability of the G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are currently among the most intensively pursued ligands for inhibition of the telomerase activity. Herein we report the design and syntheses of four novel benzimidazole carbazole conjugates and demonstrate their high binding affinity to G4 DNA. Si nuclease assay confirmed the ligand mediated G-quadruplex DNA protection. Additional evidence from Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP-LIG) assay demonstrated efficient telomerase inhibition activity by the ligands. Two of the ligands showed IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range in the TRAP-LIG assay, which are the best among the benzimidazole derivatives reported so far. The ligands also exhibited cancer cell selective nuclear internalization, nuclear condensation, fragmentation, and eventually antiproliferative activity in long-term cell viability assays. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining assays confirm that the cell death induced by the ligands follows an apoptotic pathway. An insight into the mode of ligand binding was obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations.

CuIn1-xAlxSe2 Solar Cells Fabricated on the Flexible Substrates by CoSputtering and Modified Selenization

CuIn1-xAlxSe2 (CIAS) thin films were grown on the flexible stainless steel substrates, by de co-sputtering from the elemental cathodes. CuInAl alloyed precursor films were selenized both by noble gas assisted Se vapor transport and vacuum evaporation of Se. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the selenized films The composition (x=Al/Al+In) with 0 <= x <= 0.65 was varied by substituting Al with indium in CuInSe2. Lattice parameters, average crystallite sizes and compact density of the films compared to CuInSe2, decreased and (112) peak shifted to higher Bragg's angle, with Al incorporation. Cells were fabricated with the device structure SS/Mo/CIAS/CdS/iZno-AZO/Al. Best cell showed the efficiency of 6.8%, with x=0.13, Eg=1.17 eV, fill factor 45.04, short circuit current density J 30 mA/cm(2).

Co-liposomes comprising a lipidated multivalent RGD-peptide and a cationic gemini cholesterol induce selective gene transfection in alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 integrin receptor-rich cancer cells

The alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 integrins, transmembrane glycoprotein receptors, are over-expressed in numerous tumors and in endothelial cells that constitute tumor blood vessels. As this protein selectively binds to the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence containing peptides, it is an attractive way to target tumors. Herein we have developed novel formulations for integrin mediated selective gene delivery. These formulations are composed of a novel palmitoylated tetrameric RGD containing scaffold (named RAFT-RGD), cationic gemini cholesterol (GL5) and a natural helper lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-L-alpha-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). We have optimized a co-liposomal formulation to introduce the multivalent RGD-containing macromolecule in GL5: DOPE (GL5D) mixture to produce GL5D-RGD. We have unambiguously shown the selectivity of these formulations towards cancer cells that over express alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 integrins. Two reporter plasmids, pEGFP-C3 and PGL-3, were employed for the transfection experiments and it was shown that GL5D-RGD Liposomes increased exclusively the transfection in alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 overexpressing HeLa cells.

Levels of Alpha-Toxin Correlate with Distinct Phenotypic Response Profiles of Blood Mononuclear Cells and with agr Background of Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

Epidemiological studies of Staphylococcus aureus have shown a relation between certain clones and the presence of specific virulence genes, but how this translates into virulence-associated functional responses is not fully elucidated. Here we addressed this issue by analyses of community-acquired S. aureus strains characterized with respect to antibiotic resistance, ST types, agr types, and virulence gene profiles. Supernatants containing exotoxins were prepared from overnight bacterial cultures, and tested in proliferation assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The strains displayed stable phenotypic response profiles, defined by either a proliferative or cytotoxic response. Although, virtually all strains elicited superantigen-mediated proliferative responses, the strains with a cytotoxic profile induced proliferation only in cultures with the most diluted supernatants. This indicated that the superantigen-response was masked by a cytotoxic effect which was also confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. The cytotoxic supernatants contained significantly higher levels of alpha-toxin than did the proliferative supernatants. Addition of alpha-toxin to supernatants characterized as proliferative switched the response into cytotoxic profiles. In contrast, no effect of Panton Valentine Leukocidin, delta-toxin or phenol soluble modulin alpha-3 was noted in the proliferative assay. Furthermore, a significant association between agr type and phenotypic profile was found, where agrII and agrIII strains had predominantly a proliferative profile whereas agrI and IV strains had a predominantly cytotoxic profile. The differential response profiles associated with specific S. aureus strains with varying toxin production could possibly have an impact on disease manifestations, and as such may reflect specific pathotypes.

Ag nanoparticles-anchored reduced graphene oxide catalyst for oxygen electrode reaction in aqueous electrolytes and also a non-aqueous electrolyte for Li-O-2 cells

Silver nanoparticles-anchored reduced graphene oxide (Ag-RGO) is prepared by simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and Ag+ ions in an aqueous medium by ethylene glycol as the reducing agent. Ag particles of average size of 4.7 nm were uniformly distributed on the RGO sheets. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is studied on Ag-RGO catalyst in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes by using cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode techniques. As the interest in non-aqueous electrolyte is to study the catalytic performance of Ag-RGO for rechargeable Li-O-2 cells, these cells are assembled and characterized. Li-O-2 cells with Ag-RGO as the oxygen electrode catalyst are subjected to charge-discharge cycling at several current densities. A discharge capacity of 11 950 mA h g(-1) (11.29 mA h cm(-2)) is obtained initially at low current density. Although there is a decrease in the capacity on repeated discharge-charge cycling initially, a stable capacity is observed for about 30 cycles. The results indicate that Ag-RGO is a suitable catalyst for rechargeable Li-O-2 cells.

Bmi1 regulates self-renewal and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells through Nanog

Background: The Bmi1 polycomb ring finger oncogene, a transcriptional repressor belonging to the Polycomb group of proteins plays an important role in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and is elevated in several cancers. In the current study, we have explored the role of Bmi1 in regulating the stemness and drug resistance of breast cancer cells. Methods: Using real time PCR and immunohistochemistry primary breast tissues were analyzed. Retro-and lentiviruses were utilized to overexpress and knockdown Bmi1, RT-PCR and Western blot was performed to evaluate mRNA and protein expression. Stemness properties were analyzed by flow cytometry and sphere-formation and tumor formation was determined by mouse xenograft experiments. Dual luciferase assay was employed to assess promoter activity and MTT assay was used to analyze drug response. Results: We found Bmi1 overexpression in 64% of grade III invasive ductal breast adenocarcinomas compared to normal breast tissues. Bmi1 overexpression in immortalized and transformed breast epithelial cells increased their sphere-forming efficiency, induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition ( EMT) with an increase in the expression of stemness-related genes. Knockdown of Bmi1 in tumorigenic breast cells induced epithelial morphology, reduced expression of stemness-related genes, decreased the IC50 values of doxorubicin and abrogated tumor-formation. Bmi1-high tumors showed elevated Nanog expression whereas the tumors with lower Bmi1 showed reduced Nanog levels. Overexpression of Bmi1 increased Nanog levels whereas knockdown of Bmi1 reduced its expression. Dual luciferase promoter-reporter assay revealed Bmi1 positively regulated the Nanog and NF kappa B promoter activity. RT-PCR analysis showed that Bmi1 overexpression activated the NF kappa B pathway whereas Bmi1 knockdown reduced the expression of NF kappa B target genes, suggesting that Bmi1 might regulate Nanog expression through the NF kappa B pathway. Conclusions: Our study showed that Bmi1 is overexpressed in several high-grade, invasive ductal breast adenocarcinomas, thus supporting its role as a prognostic marker. While Bmi1 overexpression increased self-renewal and promoted EMT, its knockdown reversed EMT, reduced stemness, and rendered cells drug sensitive, thus highlighting a crucial role for Bmi1 in regulating the stemness and drug response of breast cancer cells. Bmi1 may control self-renewal through the regulation of Nanog expression via the NF kappa B pathway.

Identification of a novel AMPK-PEA15 axis in the anoikis-resistant growth of mammary cells

Introduction: Matrix detachment triggers anoikis, a form of apoptosis, in most normal epithelial cells, while acquisition of anoikis resistance is a prime requisite for solid tumor growth. Of note, recent studies have revealed that a small population of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) survive in suspension and generate multicellular spheroids termed `mammospheres'. Therefore, understanding how normal HMECs overcome anoikis may provide insights into breast cancer initiation and progression. Methods: Primary breast tissue-derived normal HMECs were grown as adherent monolayers or mammospheres. The status of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and PEA15 signaling was investigated by immunoblotting. Pharmacological agents and an RNA interference (RNAi) approach were employed to gauge their roles in mammosphere formation. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays were undertaken to evaluate interactions between AMPK and PEA15. In vitro sphere formation and tumor xenograft assays were performed to understand their roles in tumorigenicity. Results: In this study, we show that mammosphere formation by normal HMECs is accompanied with an increase in AMPK activity. Inhibition or knockdown of AMPK impaired mammosphere formation. Concomitant with AMPK activation, we detected increased Ser(116) phosphorylation of PEA15, which promotes its anti-apoptotic functions. Inhibition or knockdown of AMPK impaired PEA15 Ser(116) phosphorylation and increased apoptosis. Knockdown of PEA15, or overexpression of the nonphosphorylatable S116A mutant of PEA15, also abrogated mammosphere formation. We further demonstrate that AMPK directly interacts with and phosphorylates PEA15 at Ser(116) residue, thus identifying PEA15 as a novel AMPK substrate. Together, these data revealed that AMPK activation facilitates mammosphere formation by inhibition of apoptosis, at least in part, through Ser(116) phosphorylation of PEA15. Since anoikis resistance plays a critical role in solid tumor growth, we investigated the relevance of these findings in the context of breast cancer. Significantly, we show that the AMPK-PEA15 axis plays an important role in the anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Our study identifies a novel AMPK-PEA15 signaling axis in the anchorage-independent growth of both normal and cancerous mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that breast cancer cells may employ mechanisms of anoikis resistance already inherent within a subset of normal HMECs. Thus, targeting the AMPK-PEA15 axis might prevent breast cancer dissemination and metastasis.

MicroRNA-125a Reduces Proliferation and Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Targeting Estrogen-related Receptor alpha IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER THERAPEUTICS

Estrogen-related receptor (ESRRA) functions as a transcription factor and regulates the expression of several genes, such as WNT11 and OPN. Up-regulation of ESRRA has been reported in several cancers. However, the mechanism underlying its up-regulation is unclear. Furthermore, the reports regarding the role and regulation of ESRRA in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are completely lacking. Here, we show that tumor suppressor miR-125a directly binds to the 3UTR of ESRRA and represses its expression. Overexpression of miR-125a in OSCC cells drastically reduced the level of ESRRA, decreased cell proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Conversely, the delivery of an miR-125a inhibitor to these cells drastically increased the level of ESRRA, increased cell proliferation, and decreased apoptosis. miR-125a-mediated down-regulation of ESRRA impaired anchorage-independent colony formation and invasion of OSCC cells. Reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of OSCC cells were dependent on the presence of the 3UTR in ESRRA. The delivery of an miR-125a mimic to OSCC cells resulted in marked regression of xenografts in nude mice, whereas the delivery of an miR-125a inhibitor to OSCC cells resulted in a significant increase of xenografts and abrogated the tumor suppressor function of miR-125a. We observed an inverse correlation between the expression levels of miR-125a and ESRRA in OSCC samples. In summary, up-regulation of ESRRA due to down-regulation of miR-125a is not only a novel mechanism for its up-regulation in OSCC, but decreasing the level of ESRRA by using a synthetic miR-125a mimic may have an important role in therapeutic intervention of OSCC and other cancers.

Infection of human amniotic and endothelial cells by Japanese encephalitis virus: Increased expression of HLA-F

Productive infection of human amniotic and endothelial cell lines with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was established leading to the induction of NF kappa B and HLA-F, a non-classical MHC molecule. Induction of the HLA-F gene and protein in JEV-infected cells was shown to be NF kappa B dependent since it was blocked by inhibitors of NF kappa B activation. ShRNA targeting lentivirus-mediated stable knockdown of the p65 subunit of NF kappa B inhibited JEV-mediated induction of HLA-F both in the amniotic cell line, AV-3 as well as the human brain microendothelial cell line, HBMEC. The induction of HLA-F by treatment of AV-3 with TNF-alpha was also inhibited by ShRNA mediated knockdown of NF kappa B. TNF-alpha treatment of HEK293T cells that were transfected with reporter plasmids under the control of HLA-F enhancer A elements resulted in significant transactivation of the luciferase reporter gene. NF kappa B-mediated induction of HLA-F following JEV infection and TNF-alpha exposure is being suggested for the first time. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Development of SnS quantum dot solar cells by SILAR method

SnS quantum dot solar cell is fabricated by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. SnS layer is optimized by different SILAR cycles of deposition. The particle size increased with the increase in number of SILAR cycles. Cu2S coated FTO is used as counter electrode against the conventional Platinum electrode. On comparison with a cell having a counter electrodeelectrolyte combination of Platinum-Iodine, Cu2S-polysulfide combination is found to improve both the short circuit current and fill factor of the solar cell. A maximum efficiency of 0.54% is obtained with an open circuit voltage of 311 mV and short circuit current density of 4.86 mA/cm. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mapping Post-translational Modifications of Mammalian Testicular Specific Histone Variant TH2B in Tetraploid and Haploid Germ Cells and Their Implications on the Dynamics of Nucleosome Structure

Histones regulate a variety of chromatin templated events by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although there are extensive reports on the PTMs of canonical histones, the information on the histone variants remains very scanty. Here, we report the identification of different PTMs, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation of a major mammalian histone variant TH2B. Our mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of both conserved and unique modifications across tetraploid spermatocytes and haploid spermatids. We have also computationally derived the 3-dimensional model of a TH2B containing nucleosome in order to study the spatial orientation of the PTMs identified and their effect on nucleosome stability and DNA binding potential. From our nucleosome model, it is evident that substititution of specific amino acid residues in TH2B results in both differential histone-DNA and histone-histone contacts. Furthermore, we have also observed that acetylation on the N-terminal tail of TH2B weakens the interactions with the DNA. These results provide direct evidence that, similar to somatic H2B, the testis specific histone TH2B also undergoes multiple PTMs, suggesting the possibility of chromatin regulation by such covalent modifications in mammalian male germ cells.

Coded Illumination for Motion-blur Free Imaging of Cells on Cell-phone Based Imaging Flow Cytometer

Cell-phone based imaging flow cytometry can be realized by flowing cells through the microfluidic devices, and capturing their images with an optically enhanced camera of the cell-phone. Throughput in flow cytometers is usually enhanced by increasing the flow rate of cells. However, maximum frame rate of camera system limits the achievable flow rate. Beyond this, the images become highly blurred due to motion-smear. We propose to address this issue with coded illumination, which enables recovery of high-fidelity images of cells far beyond their motion-blur limit. This paper presents simulation results of deblurring the synthetically generated cell/bead images under such coded illumination.