An Objective Evaluation of Displacement-Amplifying Compliant Mechanisms for Sensor Applications

Displacement-amplifying compliant mechanisms (DaCMs) reported in literature are mostly used for actuator applications. This paper considers them for sensor applications that rely on displacement measurement, and evaluates them objectively. The main goal is to increase the sensitivity under constraints imposed by several secondary requirements and practical constraints. A spring-mass-lever model that effectively captures the addition of a DaCM to a sensor is used in comparing eight DaCMs. We observe that they significantly differ in performance criteria such as geometric advantage, stiffness, natural frequency, mode amplification, factor of safety against failure, cross-axis stiffness, etc., but none excel in all. Thus, a combined figure of merit is proposed using which the most suitable DaCM could be selected for a sensor application. A case-study of a micro machined capacitive accelerometer and another case-study of a vision-based force sensor are included to illustrate the general evaluation and selection procedure of DaCMs with specific applications. Some other insights gained with the analysis presented here were the optimum size-scale for a DaCM, the effect on its natural frequency, limits on its stiffness, and working range of the sensor.

Swarm intelligence algorithms for integrated optimization of piezoelectric actuator and sensor placement and feedback gains

Swarm intelligence algorithms are applied for optimal control of flexible smart structures bonded with piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The optimal locations of actuators/sensors and feedback gain are obtained by maximizing the energy dissipated by the feedback control system. We provide a mathematical proof that this system is uncontrollable if the actuators and sensors are placed at the nodal points of the mode shapes. The optimal locations of actuators/sensors and feedback gain represent a constrained non-linear optimization problem. This problem is converted to an unconstrained optimization problem by using penalty functions. Two swarm intelligence algorithms, namely, Artificial bee colony (ABC) and glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) algorithms, are considered to obtain the optimal solution. In earlier published research, a cantilever beam with one and two collocated actuator(s)/sensor(s) was considered and the numerical results were obtained by using genetic algorithm and gradient based optimization methods. We consider the same problem and present the results obtained by using the swarm intelligence algorithms ABC and GSO. An extension of this cantilever beam problem with five collocated actuators/sensors is considered and the numerical results obtained by using the ABC and GSO algorithms are presented. The effect of increasing the number of design variables (locations of actuators and sensors and gain) on the optimization process is investigated. It is shown that the ABC and GSO algorithms are robust and are good choices for the optimization of smart structures.

A galvanic sensor for SO3/SO2 based on CaF2/CaSO4 couple

Measurements on the solid state cell, View the MathML source using single crystal CaF2 as the solid electrolyte and CaSO4 as an auxiliary electrode, indicate that the EMF is in agreement with that predicted by the Nernst equation when equilibrium is assumed in the gas phase near the electrodes. The cell can be used to measure the View the MathML source content of gases at temperatures near 1200 K, where approximately 2 h ate required to obtain a steady EMF, without the use of catalysts to improve the kinetics of exchange reaction in the auxiliary electrode. For most applications, the cell EMF will be affected by the presence of water vapour in the gas phase. The cell is well suited for thermodynamic measurements on sulfates, pyrosulfates and their solid and liquid solutions.

A Sensor for Sulfur Gas Based on Silver β-Alumina

EMF measurements were made with an electrochemical cell of the type ~t/&(s)/&+-beta alumina/Ag~S(s)S. 2(g). S(s or 1)/R at temperatures between 95 and 241°C. Sflver $- alumina was prepared with the ion exchange technique. The patial pressure of diatomic gas obtained from cell voltages agreed with the literature data.

Solid state electrochemical sensor for monitoring Mg in Al refining process

Novel solid-state electrochemical sensors have been designed using the Mg2+ cation conductors incorporating novel solid-state reference electrodes for in-line monitoring of Mg in molten Al during the refining process and also for in-line monitoring of Mg content in molten Al in the alloying process. In this paper we report the preparation of Mg2+ ion conductors, MgAl2O4 and MgZr4(PO4)6, by the solid state ceramic synthesis route, measurement of their electrical properties using ac-impedance spectroscopy and application of the above cation conductors for designing novel electrochemical sensors for monitoring Mg dissolved in molten Al. The activation energy for Mg2+ ion conduction in MgAl2O4 is 2.08 eV and in MgZr4(PO4)6 is 1.7 eV, respectively. The sensors have been found to respond rapidly to change in Mg content in molten aluminium around 1000 K.

Analysis of a linear one-dimensional active noise control system by means of block diagrams and transfer functions

In arriving at the ideal filter transfer function for an active noise control system in a duct, the effect of the auxiliary sources (generally loudspeakers) on the waves generated by the primary source has invariably been neglected in the existing literature, implying a rigid wall or infinite impedance. The present paper presents a fairly general analysis of a linear one-dimensional noise control system by means of block diagrams and transfer functions. It takes into account the passive as well as active role of a terminal primary source, wall-mounted auxiliary source, open duct radiation impedance, and the effects of mean flow and damping. It is proved that the pressure generated by a source against a load impedance can be looked upon as a sum of two pressure waves, one generated by the source against an anechoic termination and the other by reflecting the rearward wave (incident on the source) off the passive source impedance. Application of this concept is illustrated for both the types of sources. A concise closed-form expression for the ideal filter transfer function is thus derived and discussed. Finally, the dynamics of an adaptive noise control system is discussed briefly, relating its standing-wave variables and transfer functions with those of the progressive-wave model presented here.

A Novel VSI- and CSI-Fed Active-Reactive Induction Motor Drive with Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents

Till date load-commutated inverter (LCI)-fed synchronous motor drive configuration is popular in high power applications (>10 MW). The leading power factor operation of synchronous motor by excitation control offers this simple and rugged drive structure. On the contrary, LCI-fed induction motor drive is absent as it always draws lagging power factor current. Therefore, complicated commutation circuit is required to switch off thyristors for a current source inverter (CSI)-driven induction motor. It poses the major hindrance to scale up the power rating of CSI-fed induction motor drive. Anew power topology for LCI-fed induction motor drive for medium-voltage drive application is proposed. A new induction machine (active-reactive induction machine) with two sets of three-phase winding is introduced as a drive motor. The proposed power configuration ensures sinusoidal voltage and current at the motor terminals. The total drive power is shared among a thyristor-based LCI, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based two-level voltage source inverter (VSI), and a three-level VSI. The benefits of SCRs and IGBTs are explored in the proposed drive. Experimental results from a prototype drive verify the basic concepts of the drive.

Active current and potential transducers

This paper advocates the use of active current and potential transducers for proper utilisation of fast protective relays. The active current transducer faithfully transforms the primary current containing a slowly decaying d.c. component, thereby providing a good transient response. The active potential transducer helps in fast extinction of ferroresonance oscillations. Results oflaboratory investigations are also presented.

Optimal energy management policies for energy harvesting sensor nodes

We study a sensor node with an energy harvesting source. The generated energy can be stored in a buffer. The sensor node periodically senses a random field and generates a packet. These packets are stored in a queue and transmitted using the energy available at that time. We obtain energy management policies that are throughput optimal, i.e., the data queue stays stable for the largest possible data rate. Next we obtain energy management policies which minimize the mean delay in the queue. We also compare performance of several easily implementable sub-optimal energy management policies. A greedy policy is identified which, in low SNR regime, is throughput optimal and also minimizes mean delay.

Materials, Processing, and Testing of Flexible Image Sensor Arrays

Editors' note:Flexible, large-area display and sensor arrays are finding growing applications in multimedia and future smart homes. This article first analyzes and compares current flexible devices, then discusses the implementation, requirements, and testing of flexible sensor arrays.—Jiun-Lang Huang (National Taiwan University) and Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng (University of California, Santa Barbara)

Wireless sensor networks forhuman intruder detection

In this paper we report on the outcomes of a research and demonstration project on human intrusion detection in a large secure space using an ad hoc wireless sensor network. This project has been a unique experience in collaborative research, involving ten investigators (with expertise in areas such as sensors, circuits, computer systems,communication and networking, signal processing and security) to execute a large funded project that spanned three to four years. In this paper we report on the specific engineering solution that was developed: the various architectural choices and the associated specific designs. In addition to developing a demonstrable system, the various problems that arose have given rise to a large amount of basic research in areas such as geographical packet routing, distributed statistical detection, sensors and associated circuits, a low power adaptive micro-radio, and power optimising embedded systems software. We provide an overview of the research results obtained.

External-cavity semiconductor laser sensor

The spectral characteristics of a diode laser are significantly affected due to interference caused between the laser diode output and the optical feedback in the external-cavity. This optical feedback effect is of practical use for linewidth reduction, tuning or for sensing applications. A sensor based on this effect is attractive due to its simplicity, low cost and compactness. This optical sensor has been used so far, in different configuration such as for sensing displacement induced by different parameters. In this paper we report a compact optical sensor consisting of a semiconductor laser coupled to an external cavity. Theoretical analysis of the self- mixing interference for optical sensing applications is given for moderate optical feedback case. A comparison is made with our experimental observations. Experimental results are in good agreement with the simulated power modulation based on self-mixing interference theory. Displacements as small as 10-4 nm have been measured using this sensor. The developed sensor showed a fringe sensitivity of one fringe per 400nm displacement for reflector distance of around 10cms. The sensor has also been tested for magnetic field and temperature induced displacement measurements.