Emergency Handling in MICS based Body Area Network

Body Area Network, a new wireless networking paradigm, promises to revolutionize the healthcare applications. A number of tiny sensor nodes are strategically placed in and around the human body to obtain physiological information. The sensor nodes are connected to a coordinator or a data collector to form a Body Area Network. The tiny devices may sense physiological parameters of emergency in nature (e.g. abnormality in heart bit rate, increase of glucose level above the threshold etc.) that needs immediate attention of a physician. Due to ultra low power requirement of wireless body area network, most of the time, the coordinator and devices are expected to be in the dormant mode, categorically when network is not operational. This leads to an open question, how to handle and meet the QoS requirement of emergency data when network is not operational? Emergency handling becomes more challenging at the MAC layer, if the channel access related information is unknown to the device with emergency message. The aforementioned scenarios are very likely scenarios in a MICS (Medical Implant Communication Service, 402-405 MHz) based healthcare systems. This paper proposes a mechanism for timely and reliable transfer of emergency data in a MICS based Body Area Network. We validate our protocol design with simulation in a C++ framework. Our simulation results show that more than 99 p ercentage of the time emergency messages are reached at the coordinator with a delay of 400ms.

A Time-based Low Voltage Body Temperature Monitoring Unit

A neonatal temperature monitoring system operating in subthreshold regime that utilizes time mode signal processing is presented. Resistance deviations in a thermistor due to temperature variations are converted to delay variations that are subsequently quantized by a Delay measurement unit (DMU). The DMU does away with the need for any analog circuitry and is synthesizable entirely from digital logic. An FPGA implementation of the system demonstrates the viability of employing time mode signal processing, and measured results show that temperature resolution better than 0.1 degrees C can be achieved using this approach.

Optimality Conditions and Duality for Semi-Infinite Mathematical Programming Problem with Equilibrium Constraints

This article considers a semi-infinite mathematical programming problem with equilibrium constraints (SIMPEC) defined as a semi-infinite mathematical programming problem with complementarity constraints. We establish necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the (SIMPEC). We also formulate Wolfe- and Mond-Weir-type dual models for (SIMPEC) and establish weak, strong and strict converse duality theorems for (SIMPEC) and the corresponding dual problems under invexity assumptions.

COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF A MULTI-LAYERED PIEZO-COMPOSITE BEAM MADE UP OF MFC

The Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) is used for modeling a coupled non-linear electromechanical problem finding applications in aircrafts and Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) development. VAM coupled with geometrically exact kinematics forms a powerful tool for analyzing a complex nonlinear phenomena as shown previously by many in the literature 3 - 7] for various challenging problems like modeling of an initially twisted helicopter rotor blades, matrix crack propagation in a composite, modeling of hyper elastic plates and various multi-physics problems. The problem consists of design and analysis of a piezocomposite laminate applied with electrical voltage(s) which can induce direct and planar distributed shear stresses and strains in the structure. The deformations are large and conventional beam theories are inappropriate for the analysis. The behavior of an elastic body is completely understood by its energy. This energy must be integrated over the cross-sectional area to obtain the 1-D behavior as is typical in a beam analysis. VAM can be used efficiently to approximate 3-D strain energy as closely as possible. To perform this simplification, VAM makes use of thickness to width, width to length, width multiplied by initial twist and strain as small parameters embedded in the problem definition and provides a way to approach the exact solution asymptotically. In this work, above mentioned electromechanical problem is modeled using VAM which breaks down the 3-D elasticity problem into two parts, namely a 2-D non-linear cross-sectional analysis and a 1-D non-linear analysis, along the reference curve. The recovery relations obtained as a by-product in the cross-sectional analysis earlier are used to obtain 3-D stresses, displacements and velocity contours. The piezo-composite laminate which is chosen for an initial phase of computational modeling is made up of commercially available Macro Fiber Composites (MFCs) stacked together in an arbitrary lay-up and applied with electrical voltages for actuation. The expressions of sectional forces and moments as obtained from cross-sectional analysis in closed-form show the electro-mechanical coupling and relative contribution of electric field in individual layers of the piezo-composite laminate. The spatial and temporal constitutive law as obtained from the cross-sectional analysis are substituted into 1-D fully intrinsic, geometrically exact equilibrium equations of motion and 1-D intrinsic kinematical equations to solve for all 1-D generalized variables as function of time and an along the reference curve co-ordinate, x(1).

A Reliable Residual Based A Posteriori Error Estimator for a Quadratic Finite Element Method for the Elliptic Obstacle Problem

A residual based a posteriori error estimator is derived for a quadratic finite element method (FEM) for the elliptic obstacle problem. The error estimator involves various residuals consisting of the data of the problem, discrete solution and a Lagrange multiplier related to the obstacle constraint. The choice of the discrete Lagrange multiplier yields an error estimator that is comparable with the error estimator in the case of linear FEM. Further, an a priori error estimate is derived to show that the discrete Lagrange multiplier converges at the same rate as that of the discrete solution of the obstacle problem. The numerical experiments of adaptive FEM show optimal order convergence. This demonstrates that the quadratic FEM for obstacle problem exhibits optimal performance.

A Remark on the A Posteriori Error Analysis of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for the Obstacle Problem

We revisit the a posteriori error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods for the obstacle problem derived in 25]. Under a mild assumption on the trace of obstacle, we derive a reliable a posteriori error estimator which does not involve min/max functions. A key in this approach is an auxiliary problem with discrete obstacle. Applications to various discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods are presented. Numerical experiments show that the new estimator obtained in this article performs better.

Two player game variant of the Erdos-Szekeres problem

The classical Erdos-Szekeres theorem states that a convex k-gon exists in every sufficiently large point set. This problem has been well studied and finding tight asymptotic bounds is considered a challenging open problem. Several variants of the Erdos-Szekeres problem have been posed and studied in the last two decades. The well studied variants include the empty convex k-gon problem, convex k-gon with specified number of interior points and the chromatic variant. In this paper, we introduce the following two player game variant of the Erdos-Szekeres problem: Consider a two player game where each player playing in alternate turns, place points in the plane. The objective of the game is to avoid the formation of the convex k-gon among the placed points. The game ends when a convex k-gon is formed and the player who placed the last point loses the game. In our paper we show a winning strategy for the player who plays second in the convex 5-gon game and the empty convex 5-gon game by considering convex layer configurations at each step. We prove that the game always ends in the 9th step by showing that the game reaches a specific set of configurations.

A Variant of the Hadwiger-Debrunner (p, q)-Problem in the Plane

Let X be a convex curve in the plane (say, the unit circle), and let be a family of planar convex bodies such that every two of them meet at a point of X. Then has a transversal of size at most . Suppose instead that only satisfies the following ``(p, 2)-condition'': Among every p elements of , there are two that meet at a common point of X. Then has a transversal of size . For comparison, the best known bound for the Hadwiger-Debrunner (p, q)-problem in the plane, with , is . Our result generalizes appropriately for if is, for example, the moment curve.

A Full Body Steerable Wind Display for a Locomotion Interface

This paper presents the Treadport Active Wind Tunnel (TPAWT)-a full-body immersive virtual environment for the Treadport locomotion interface designed for generating wind on a user from any frontal direction at speeds up to 20 kph. The goal is to simulate the experience of realistic wind while walking in an outdoor virtual environment. A recirculating-type wind tunnel was created around the pre-existing Treadport installation by adding a large fan, ducting, and enclosure walls. Two sheets of air in a non-intrusive design flow along the side screens of the back-projection CAVE-like visual display, where they impinge and mix at the front screen to redirect towards the user in a full-body cross-section. By varying the flow conditions of the air sheets, the direction and speed of wind at the user are controlled. Design challenges to fit the wind tunnel in the pre-existing facility, and to manage turbulence to achieve stable and steerable flow, were overcome. The controller performance for wind speed and direction is demonstrated experimentally.

A posteriori error estimates of discontinuous Galerkin methods for the Signorini problem

A reliable and efficient a posteriori error estimator is derived for a class of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for the Signorini problem. A common property shared by many DG methods leads to a unified error analysis with the help of a constraint preserving enriching map. The error estimator of DG methods is comparable with the error estimator of the conforming methods. Numerical experiments illustrate the performance of the error estimator. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A galactose-functionalized dendritic siRNA-nanovector to potentiate hepatitis C inhibition in liver cells

A RNAi based antiviral strategy holds the promise to impede hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection overcoming the problem of emergence of drug resistant variants, usually encountered in the interferon free direct-acting antiviral therapy. Targeted delivery of siRNA helps minimize adverse `off-target' effects and maximize the efficacy of therapeutic response. Herein, we report the delivery of siRNA against the conserved 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of HCV RNA using a liver-targeted dendritic nano-vector functionalized with a galactopyranoside ligand (DG). Physico-chemical characterization revealed finer details of complexation of DG with siRNA, whereas molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated sugar moieties projecting ``out'' in the complex. Preferential delivery of siRNA to the liver was achieved through a highly specific ligand-receptor interaction between dendritic galactose and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. The siRNA-DG complex exhibited perinuclear localization in liver cells and co-localization with viral proteins. The histopathological studies showed the systemic tolerance and biocompatibility of DG. Further, whole body imaging and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed the preferential delivery of the nucleic acid to mice liver. Significant decrease in HCV RNA levels (up to 75%) was achieved in HCV subgenomic replicon and full length HCV-JFH1 infectious cell culture systems. The multidisciplinary approach provides the `proof of concept' for restricted delivery of therapeutic siRNAs using a target oriented dendritic nano-vector.

Many-Body Localization in the Presence of a Single-Particle Mobility Edge

In one dimension, noninteracting particles can undergo a localization-delocalization transition in a quasiperiodic potential. Recent studies have suggested that this transition transforms into a many-body localization (MBL) transition upon the introduction of interactions. It has also been shown that mobility edges can appear in the single particle spectrum for certain types of quasiperiodic potentials. Here, we investigate the effect of interactions in two models with such mobility edges. Employing the technique of exact diagonalization for finite-sized systems, we calculate the level spacing distribution, time evolution of entanglement entropy, optical conductivity, and return probability to detect MBL. We find that MBL does indeed occur in one of the two models we study, but the entanglement appears to grow faster than logarithmically with time unlike in other MBL systems.

Length scales in glass-forming liquids and related systems: a review

The central problem in the study of glass-forming liquids and other glassy systems is the understanding of the complex structural relaxation and rapid growth of relaxation times seen on approaching the glass transition. A central conceptual question is whether one can identify one or more growing length scale(s) associated with this behavior. Given the diversity of molecular glass-formers and a vast body of experimental, computational and theoretical work addressing glassy behavior, a number of ideas and observations pertaining to growing length scales have been presented over the past few decades, but there is as yet no consensus view on this question. In this review, we will summarize the salient results and the state of our understanding of length scales associated with dynamical slow down. After a review of slow dynamics and the glass transition, pertinent theories of the glass transition will be summarized and a survey of ideas relating to length scales in glassy systems will be presented. A number of studies have focused on the emergence of preferred packing arrangements and discussed their role in glassy dynamics. More recently, a central object of attention has been the study of spatially correlated, heterogeneous dynamics and the associated length scale, studied in computer simulations and theoretical analysis such as inhomogeneous mode coupling theory. A number of static length scales have been proposed and studied recently, such as the mosaic length scale discussed in the random first-order transition theory and the related point-to-set correlation length. We will discuss these, elaborating on key results, along with a critical appraisal of the state of the art. Finally we will discuss length scales in driven soft matter, granular fluids and amorphous solids, and give a brief description of length scales in aging systems. Possible relations of these length scales with those in glass-forming liquids will be discussed.

Three-dimensional warping in strip-based composite four-bar mechanisms

This work intends to demonstrate the effect of geometrically non-linear cross-sectional analysis of certain composite beam-based four-bar mechanisms in predicting the three-dimensional warping of the cross-section. The only restriction in the present analysis is that the strains within each elastic body remain small (i.e., this work does not deal with materials exhibiting non-linear constitutive laws at the 3-D level). Here, all component bars of the mechanism are made of fiber-reinforced laminates. They could, in general, be pre-twisted and/or possess initial curvature, either by design or by defect. Each component of the mechanism is modeled as a beam based on geometrically non-linear 3-D elasticity theory. The component problems are thus split into 2-D analyses of reference beam cross-sections and non-linear 1-D analyses along the three beam reference curves. The splitting of the three-dimensional beam problem into two- and one-dimensional parts, called dimensional reduction, results in a tremendous savings of computational effort relative to the cost of three-dimensional finite element analysis, the only alternative for realistic beams. The analysis of beam-like structures made of laminated composite materials requires a much more complicated methodology. Hence, the analysis procedure based on Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM), a tool to carry out the dimensional reduction, is used here. The representative cross-sections of all component bars are analyzed using two different approaches: (1) Numerical Model and (2) Analytical Model. Four-bar mechanisms are analyzed using the above two approaches for Omega = 20 rad/s and Omega = pi rad/s and observed the same behavior in both cases. The noticeable snap-shots of the deformation shapes of the mechanism about 1000 frames are also reported using commercial software (I-DEAS + NASTRAN + ADAMS). The maximum out-of-plane warping of the cross-section is observed at the mid-span of bar-1, bar-2 and bar-3 are 1.5 mm, 250 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively, for t = 0:5 s. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.