Semiconductor to metal transition in bilayer phosphorene under normal compressive strain

Phosphorene, a two-dimensional analog of black phosphorous, has been a subject of immense interest recently, due to its high carrier mobilities and a tunable bandgap. So far, tunability has been predicted to be obtained with very high compressive/tensile in-plane strains, and vertical electric field, which are difficult to achieve experimentally. Here, we show using density functional theory based calculations the possibility of tuning electronic properties by applying normal compressive strain in bilayer phosphorene. A complete and fully reversible semiconductor to metal transition has been observed at similar to 13.35% strain, which can be easily realized experimentally. Furthermore, a direct to indirect bandgap transition has also been observed at similar to 3% strain, which is a signature of unique band-gap modulation pattern in this material. The absence of negative frequencies in phonon spectra as a function of strain demonstrates the structural integrity of the sheets at relatively higher strain range. The carrier mobilities and effective masses also do not change significantly as a function of strain, keeping the transport properties nearly unchanged. This inherent ease of tunability of electronic properties without affecting the excellent transport properties of phosphorene sheets is expected to pave way for further fundamental research leading to phosphorene-based multi-physics devices.

On the strain rate sensitivity of plastic flow in metallic glasses

The nanoindentation technique was employed to examine the strain rate sensitivity, m, and its dependence on the structural state of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG). The free volume content in the BMG was varied by examining samples in the as-cast (AC), shot-peened (SP), and structurally relaxed (SR) states. Hardness values measured at different loading rates and over a temperature range of 300-423 K as well as the strain-rate jump tests conducted in the quasi-static regime at room temperature, show that m is always negative. All the load-displacement (P-h) curves in this temperature regime exhibit serrated load-displacement responses, indicating that the shear band mediated inhomogeneous plastic flow governs deformation. Such localization of flow and associated softening is the raison d'etre for the negative m. Significant levels of pile-up around the indents were also noted. The order in the average values of hardness, pile-up heights, and the displacement bursts on the P-h curves was always such that SR > AC > SP, which is also the order of increasing free volume content. These observations were utilized to discuss the reasons for the negative strain rate sensitivity, and its dependence on the structural state of metallic glasses. It is suggested that the positive values of m reported in the literature for them are possibly experimental artefacts that arise due to large pile ups around the indents which lead to erroneous estimation in hardness values. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Controlling phase separation in La5/8-yPryCa3/8MnO3 (y=0.45) epitaxial thin films by strain disorder

Present study reveals that the length-scale of phase separation in La5/8-yPryCa3/8MnO3 thin films can be controlled by strain disorder invoked during the growth and relaxation process of film. Strain disorder provides an additional degree of freedom to tune colossal magnetoresistance. Magneto-transport measurements following cooling and heating in unequal fields protocol demonstrate that coherent strain stabilizes antiferromagnetic insulating phase, while strain disorder favors ferromagnetic metallic phase. Compared to bulk, antiferromagnetic-insulating phase freezes at lower temperatures in strain disordered films. Raman spectroscopy confirms the coexistence of charge-ordered-insulating and ferromagnetic-metallic phases which are structurally dissimilar and possess P2(1)/m and R-3C like symmetries, respectively. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

A stabilization approach for mesh-free simulations of systems developing shocks or extreme strain localizations

A new stabilization scheme, based on a stochastic representation of the discretized field variables, is proposed with a view to reduce or even eliminate unphysical oscillations in the mesh-free numerical simulations of systems developing shocks or exhibiting localized bands of extreme deformation in the response. The origin of the stabilization scheme may be traced to nonlinear stochastic filtering and, consistent with a class of such filters, gain-based additive correction terms are applied to the simulated solution of the system, herein achieved through the element-free Galerkin method, in order to impose a set of constraints that help arresting the spurious oscillations. The method is numerically illustrated through its Applications to inviscid Burgers' equations, wherein shocks may develop as a result of intersections of the characteristics, and to a gradient plasticity model whose response is often characterized by a developing shear band as the external load is gradually increased. The potential of the method in stabilized yet accurate numerical simulations of such systems involving extreme gradient variations in the response is thus brought forth. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Temperature compensation in CNT-composite distributed strain sensors

A temperature compensation method is proposed for CNT-composite strain sensors. CNT-composite sensors are fabricated on an elastic polymer substrate having known thermo-mechanical properties to introduce thermo-mechanical strain and further calibration of the sensor. Strain is induced on the sensor by bending the substrate as a cantilever configuration. Response of the sensor is measured using a bridge circuit method. Induced strain in the beam is determined using beam theory. The sensors are characterized for different CNT concentrations and at various temperatures. A model based temperature compensation scheme is proposed and verified experimentally. The result proves the ability of CNT-nanocomposite strain sensors to be used under varying temperature applications. A method is proposed to determine the strain and temperature simultaneously. The CNT sensors are simple to fabricate in complex patterns with excellent repeatability and do not require bonding layer.

Study on effect of optical wavelength on photo induced strain sensitivity in carbon nanotubes using fiber Bragg grating

In this work, the role of optical wavelength on the photo induced strain in carbon nanotubes (CNT) is probed using a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), upon exposure to infrared (IR) (21 mu epsilon mW(-1)) and visible (9 mu epsilon mW(-1)) radiations. The strain sensitivity in CNT is monitored over a smaller range (10(-3) to 10(-9) epsilon) by exposing to a low optical power varying in the range 10(-3) to 10(-6) W. In addition, the wavelength dependent response and recovery periods of CNT under IR (tau(rise) = 150 ms, tau(fall) = 280 ms) and visible (tau(rise) = 1.07 s, tau(fall) = 1.18 s) radiations are evaluated in detail. This study can be further extended to measure the sensitivity of nano-scale photo induced strains in nano materials and opens avenues to control mechanical actuation using various optical wavelengths.

Influence of external weld flash on the in-plane plane-strain formability of friction stir welded sheets

The main aim of the present work is to analyze the influence of external weld flash on the formability of friction stir welding sheets through in-plane plane-strain formability tests. The load-extension behavior and forming limit strains are measured to quantify the formability. The influence of friction stir welding parameters on the height of weld flash was also studied. The base materials used for welding trials are AA6061T6 and AA5052H32 alloy sheets of 2.1-mm thickness. It is observed that the influence of external weld flash on the maximum load and total extension for all the friction stir welding conditions is negligible. The effect of weld flash on the limiting major strain is also insignificant. But the presence of weld flash has changed the limiting minor strain, more toward plane-strain condition, indicating the change in strain-path toward plane-strain. This is due to the strain taken by weld flash, along with the major strain, minor strain, and thickness strain in the friction stir welding sheet plane because of constancy of volume. The formation of weld flash and its height are affected synergistically by the axial force and temperature development during friction stir welding. The higher the axial force and temperature, the higher the flash height.

Field induced domain switching as the origin of anomalous lattice strain along non-polar direction in rhombohedral BiScO3-PbTiO3 close to the morphotropic phase boundary

The lattice strain and domain switching behavior of xBiScO(3)-(1-x) PbTiO3 (x = 0.40) was investigated as a function of cyclic field and grain orientation by in situ X-ray diffraction during application of electric fields. The electric field induced 200 lattice strain was measured to be five times larger than the 111 lattice strain in pseudorhombohedral xBiScO(3)-(1-x) PbTiO3 (x = 0.40). It is shown that the anomalous 200 lattice strain is not an intrinsic phenomenon, but arises primarily due to stress associated with the reorientation of the 111 domains in dense polycrystalline ceramic. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Non-invasive pressure monitoring by hoop strain using Fiber Bragg Grating sensor

Non-invasive, real-time dynamic monitoring of pressure inside a column with the aid of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is presented in the present work. A bare FBG sensor is adhered on the circumference of a pressure column normal to its axis, which has the ability to acquire the hoop strain induced by the pressure variation inside the column. Pressure induced hoop strain response obtained using FBG sensor is validated against the pressure measurements obtained from conventional pressure gauge. Further, a protrusion setup on the outer surface of the column has been proposed over which a secondary FBG sensor is bonded normal to its axis, in order to increase the gauge length of this FBG sensor. This is carried out in order to validate the variation in sensitivity of the protrusion bonded FBG sensor compared to the bare FBG sensor bonded over the surface. A comparative study is done between the two FBG sensors and a conventional pressure gauge in order to establish the capacity of FBG sensor obtained hoop strain response for pressure monitoring inside the column.

Enhancement in Strain Hardening on Boron Addition in As-Cast Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

It has been previously reported that the addition of boron to Ti-6Al-4V results in significant refinement of the as-cast microstructure and enhancement in the strain hardening. However, the mechanism for the latter effect has not been adequately studied. The aim of this study was to understand the reasons for the enhancement in room temperature strain hardening on addition of boron to as cast Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A study was conducted on slip transmission using SEM, TEM, optical profilometry and four point probe resistivity measurements on un-deformed and deformed samples of Ti-6Al-4V-xB with five levels of boron. Optical profilometry was used to quantify the magnitude of offsets on slip traces which in turn provided information about the extent of planar or multiple slip. Studies on deformed samples reveal that while lath boundaries appear to easily permit dislocation slip transmission, colony boundaries are potent barriers to slip. From TEM studies it was also observed that while alloys containing lower boron underwent planar slip, deformation was more homogeneous in higher boron alloys due to multiple slip resulting from large number of colony boundaries. Multiple slip is also proposed to be the prime cause of the enhanced strain hardening.

Effect of H-2/CO Composition on Extinction Strain Rates of Counterflow Syngas Flames

This work presents a detailed experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of H-2/CO composition on extinction characteristics of premixed and nonpremixed syngas flames. Experimental measurements of local and global extinction strain rates in counterflow diffusion flames have been reported at atmospheric pressure for six different compositions of syngas fuel. The concentration of H-2 was varied from 5 to 20% with a 3% increment, and correspondingly, CO was decreased from 35 to 20% in steps of 3%. Particle imaging velocimetry has been used to determine the local extinction strain rates. Local extinction strain rates increased with an increase in the H-2/CO ratio in both nonpremixed and premixed flames. The predicted extinction strain rates for both nonpremixed and premixed counterflow flames using five different mechanisms available in the literature were compared with measurements. The Davis H-2/CO and Ranzi H-2/CO mechanisms predicted extinction strain rates within 10% of experimental values irrespective of the H-2/CO ratio. In the nonpremixed case, the Cl mechanism by Li et al., GRI 3.0, and the Ranzi H-2/CO mechanism predicted extinction strain rates well for low H-2/CO ratios (from 5:35 to 14:26) but deviated from experiments for higher H-2/CO values (17:23 and 20:20). In addition to kinetics, preferential diffusion effects were found to affect the reaction zone significantly and create distinct localized reaction zone structures in nonpremixed flames, which could contribute to discrepancies in extinction predictions.

Dependence of shear yield strain and shear transformation zone on the glass transition temperature in thin film metallic glasses

The dependence of shear yield strain, the activation energy and volume of shear transformation zone on the glass transition temperature was investigated through the analysis of statistical distributions of the first pop-in events during spherical indentation of four different thin film metallic glasses. Only the Cu-Zr metallic glass exhibits a bimodal distribution of the first pop-in loads, whereas W-Ru-B, Zr-Cu-Ni-Al and La-Co-Al metallic glasses show an unimodal distribution. Results show that shear yield strain and activation energy of shear transformation zone decrease whereas the volume of shear transformation zone increases with increasing homologous temperature, indicating that it is the activation energy rather than the volume of shear transformation zone that controls shear yield strain. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinematic flow patterns in slow deformation of a dense granular material

The kinematic flow pattern in slow deformation of a model dense granular medium is studied at high resolution using in situ imaging, coupled with particle tracking. The deformation configuration is indentation by a flat punch under macroscopic plane-strain conditions. Using a general analysis method, velocity gradients and deformation fields are obtained from the disordered grain arrangement, enabling flow characteristics to be quantified. The key observations are the formation of a stagnation zone, as in dilute granular flow past obstacles; occurrence of vortices in the flow immediately underneath the punch; and formation of distinct shear bands adjoining the stagnation zone. The transient and steady state stagnation zone geometry, as well as the strength of the vortices and strain rates in the shear bands, are obtained from the experimental data. All of these results are well-reproduced in exact-scale non-smooth contact dynamics simulations. Full 3D numerical particle positions from the simulations allow extraction of flow features that are extremely difficult to obtain from experiments. Three examples of these, namely material free surface evolution, deformation of a grain column below the punch and resolution of velocities inside the primary shear band, are highlighted. The variety of flow features observed in this model problem also illustrates the difficulty involved in formulating a complete micromechanical analytical description of the deformation.

Influence of mode of deformation on microstructural heterogeneities in Ni subjected to large strain deformation

In the present work, the effect of deformation mode (uniaxial compression, rolling and torsion) on the microstructural heterogeneities in a commercial purity Ni is reported. For a given equivalent von Mises strain, samples subjected to torsion have shown higher fraction of high-angle boundaries, kernel average misorientation and recrystallization nuclei when compared to uniaxially compressed and rolled samples. This is attributed to the differences in the slip system activity under different modes of deformation.

Strain-Induced Hierarchy of Energy Levels in CdS/ZnS Nanocrystals

Aside of size and shape, the strain induced by the mismatch of lattice parameters between core and shell in the nanocrystalline regime is an additional degree of freedom to engineer the electron energy levels. Herein, CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) with shell thickness up to four monolayers are studied. As a manifestation of strain, the low temperature radiative lifetime measurements indicate a reduction in Stokes shift from 36 meV for CdS to 5 meV for CdS/ZnS with four monolayers of overcoating. Concomitant crossover of S- and P-symmetric hole levels is observed which can be understood in the framework of theoretical calculations predicting flipping the hierarchy of ground hole state by the strain in CdS NCs. Furthermore, a nonmonotonic variation of higher energy levels in strained CdS NCs is discussed.