Magnetic arm-switch-based three-phase series-shunt compensated quality AC power supply

This study presents a novel magnetic arm-switch-based integrated magnetic circuit for a three-phase series-shunt compensated uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The magnetic circuit acts as a common interacting field for a number of energy ports, viz., series inverter, shunt inverter, grid and load. The magnetic arm-switching technique ensures equivalent series or shunt connection between the inverters. In normal grid mode (stabiliser mode), the series inverter is used for series voltage correction and the shunt one for current correction. The inverters and the load are effectively connected in parallel when the grid power is not available. These inverters are then used to share the load power. The operation of the inverters in parallel is ensured by the magnetic arm-switching technique. This study also includes modelling of the magnetic circuit. A graphical technique called bond graph is used to model the system. In this model, the magnetic circuit is represented in terms of gyrator-capacitors. Therefore the model is also termed as gyrator-capacitor model. The model is used to extract the dynamic equations that are used to simulate the system using MATLAB/SIMULINK. This study also discusses a synchronously rotating reference frame-based control technique that is used for the control of the series and shunt inverters in different operating modes. Finally, the gyrator-capacitor model is validated by comparing the simulated and experimental results.

Portable HVAC and Pulsed Plasma Sources for Control of NOX in Diesel Engine Exhaust

In this paper studies were carried out on two compact electric discharge plasma sources for controlling nitrogen oxides (NOX) emission in diesel engine exhaust. The plasma sources consist of an old television flyback transformer to generate high frequency high voltage ac (HVAC) and an automobile ignition coil to generate the high voltage pulses (HV Pulse). The compact plasma sources are aimed at retrofitting the existing catalytic converters with electric discharge assisted cleaning technique. To enhance NOX removal efficiency cascaded plasma-adsorbent technique has been used. Studies were reported at different flow rates and load conditions of the diesel engine.

Evidence for low temperature glassy behavior in La0.5Sr0.5CoO3

We report the observed low temperature spin glass like feature in the optimally doped La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 ferromagnetic system. The characteristic of glassy behavior has been identified by noting (i) the frequency-dependent shift of the low temperature hump position in the out of phase ac susceptibility component; (ii) evolution of freezing temperature with dc biasing field that adheres to de Almeida-Thouless relation; (iii) memory effect; and (iv) sluggish magnetic relaxation. The results of magnetic measurements demonstrate that neither the inter-cluster interaction nor the spin disorder at the interface between ferromagnetic clusters is responsible for the manifestation of such collective glassy behavior. Rather, it is believed to arise from a distinct cluster glass like phase that possibly coexists with the dominant ferromagnetic phase. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3684610]

A Five-Level Inverter Topology with Single-DC Supply by Cascading a Flying Capacitor Inverter and an H-Bridge

In this paper, a new three-phase, five-level inverter topology with a single-dc source is presented. The proposed topology is obtained by cascading a three-level flying capacitor inverter with a flying H-bridge power cell in each phase. This topology has redundant switching states for generating different pole voltages. By selecting appropriate switching states, the capacitor voltages can be balanced instantaneously (as compared to the fundamental) in any direction of the current, irrespective of the load power factor. Another important feature of this topology is that if any H-bridge fails, it can be bypassed and the configuration can still operate as a three-level inverter at its full power rating. This feature improves the reliability of the circuit. A 3-kW induction motor is run with the proposed topology for the full modulation range. The effectiveness of the capacitor balancing algorithm is tested for the full range of speed and during the sudden acceleration of the motor.

Anomalous low-temperature magnetic and magnetotransport properties in Ru-deficient SrRuO3

SrRuO3 is a well-known itinerant ferromagnet with many intriguing characteristics. The Ru deficiency in this system is believed to play a pivotal role in influencing many of its magnetic and transport properties. The present study involves the magnetic and transport properties of the Ru-deficient SrRu0.93O3 sample to gain more insight into the unusual low-temperature behavior. The ac susceptibility study reveals a sharp ferromagnetic transition at 150 K followed by a hump at T-h similar to 50 K, which has anomalous frequency dependence. Besides, the T-h shifts to lower temperatures with an increase in the superposed dc-biasing field and adheres to H-2 dependence, in accordance with the Gabay and Toulouse line for the Heisenberg spin glass systems. We also observe a pronounced memory effect toward the low-temperature side, signifying the characteristic of glassy behavior. The temperature-dependent magnetoresistance indicates the signature of an additional ordering toward the low-temperature side. All of the interesting findings combined unveil the existence of low-temperature cryptic magnetic phase in SrRu0.93O3. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. doi:10.1063/1.3673427]

Signal-Powered Low-Drop-Diode Equivalent Circuit for Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Piezoelectric-device-based vibration energy harvesting requires a rectifier for conversion of input ac to usable dc form. Power loss due to diode drop in rectifier is a significant fraction of the already low levels of harvested power. The proposed circuit is a low-drop-diode equivalent, which mimics a diode using linear region-operated MOSFET. The proposed diode equivalent is powered directly from input signal and requires no additional power supply for its control. Power used by the control circuit is kept at a bare minimum to have an overall output power improvement. Diode equivalent was used to replace the four diodes in a full-wave bridge rectifier, which is the basic full- wave rectifier and is a part of the more advanced rectifiers like switch-only and bias-flip rectifiers. Simulation in 130-nm technology and experiment with discrete components show that a bridge rectifier with the proposed diode provides a 30-169% increase in output power extracted from piezoelectric device, as compared to a bridge rectifier with diode-connected MOSFETs. The bridge rectifier with the proposed diode can extract 90% of the maximum available power from an ideal piezoelectric device-bridge rectifier circuit. Setting aside the constraint of power loss, simulations indicate that diode drop as low as 10 mV at 38 mu A can be achieved.

Structure and mechanical properties of Ti-C films deposited using combination of pulsed DC and normal DC magnetron co-sputtering

Titanium-carbon (Ti-C) thin films of different compositions were prepared by a combination of pulsed DC (for Ti target) and normal DC (for graphite target) magnetron co-sputtering on oxidized silicon and fused quartz substrates. At 33.7 at.% of C content, pure hcp Ti transforms into fcc-TiC with a preferential orientation of (2 2 0) along with (1 1 1) and (2 0 0). A clear transformation in the preferential orientation from (2 2 0) to (1 1 1) has been observed when the C content was increased to 56 at.%. At 62.5 at.% of C, TiC precipitates in an amorphous carbon matrix whereas further increase in C leads to X-ray amorphous films. The cross-sectional scanning electron microscope images reveal that the films with low carbon content consists of columnar grains, whereas, randomly oriented grains are in an amorphous carbon matrix at higher carbon content. A dramatic variation was observed in the mechanical properties such as hardness, H, from 30 to 1 GPa and in modulus, E, from 255 to 25 GPa with varying carbon content in the films. Resistance to plastic deformation parameter was observed as 0.417 for films containing 62.5 at.% of C. Nanoscratch test reveals that the films are highly scratch resistant with a coefficient of friction ranging from 0.15 to 0.04. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dynamics of strain bifurcations in a magnetostrictive ribbon

We develop a coupled nonlinear oscillator model involving magnetization and strain to explain several experimentally observed dynamical features exhibited by forced magnetostrictive ribbon. Here we show that the model recovers the observed period-doubling route to chaos as function of the dc field for a fixed ac field and quasiperiodic route to chaos as a function of the ac field, keeping the dc field constant. The model also predicts induced and suppressed chaos under the influence of an additional small-amplitude near-resonant ac field. Our analysis suggests rich dynamics in coupled order-parameter systems such as magnetomartensitic and magnetoelectric materials.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Advanced Bus-Clamping Pulsewidth Modulation on Motor Acoustic Noise

Voltage source inverters (VSIs) supply nonsinusoidal voltages to induction motor drives, leading to line current distortion and torque pulsation. Conventional space vector pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques are widely used in VSIs on the account of good waveform quality and high dc bus utilization. In a conventional space vector PWM technique, the switching sequence begins with one zero state and ends with the other zero state in a subcycle. Some novel switching sequences have been proposed, which employ only one zero state but apply one of the two active states twice in a subcycle. One pair of such special switching sequences has recently been shown to reduce the pulsating torque considerably. In this paper, the conventional and special switching sequences are compared experimentally in terms of acoustic noise. In the low-and medium-speed ranges, the special switching sequence is seen to reduce the amplitude of the tonal component of noise at the switching frequency considerably and is also found to result in spread spectrum.

The Structural Characterization of Folded Peptides Containing the Conformationally Constrained beta-Amino Acid Residue beta(2,2)Ac(6)c

Backbone alkylation has been shown to result in a dramatic reduction in the conformational space that is sterically accessible to a-amino acid residues in peptides. By extension, the presence of geminal dialkyl substituents at backbone atoms also restricts available conformational space for beta and ? residues. Five peptides containing the achiral beta 2,2-disubstituted beta-amino acid residue, 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (beta 2,2Ac6c), have been structurally characterized in crystals by X-ray diffraction. The tripeptide Boc-Aib-beta 2,2Ac6c-Aib-OMe (1) adopts a novel fold stabilized by two intramolecular H-bonds (C11 and C9) of opposite directionality. The tetrapeptide Boc-Aib-beta 2,2Ac6c]2-OMe (2) and pentapeptide Boc-Aib-beta 2,2Ac6c]2-Aib-OMe (3) form short stretches of a hybrid a beta C11 helix stabilized by two and three intramolecular H-bonds, respectively. The structure of the dipeptide Boc-Aib-beta 2,2Ac6c-OMe (5) does not reveal any intramolecular H-bond. The aggregation pattern in the crystal provides an example of an extended conformation of the beta 2,2Ac6c residue, forming a polar sheet like H-bond. The protected derivative Ac-beta 2,2Ac6c-NHMe (4) adopts a locally folded gauche conformation about the C beta?Ca bonds (?=-55.7 degrees). Of the seven examples of beta 2,2Ac6c residues reported here, six adopt gauche conformations, a feature which promotes local folding when incorporated into peptides. A comparison between the conformational properties of beta 2,2Ac6c and beta 3,3Ac6c residues, in peptides, is presented. Backbone torsional parameters of H-bonded a beta/beta a turns are derived from the structures presented in this study and earlier reports.