A transfer matrix approach for evaluation of the response of a multi-layer infinite plate to a two-dimensional pressure excitation

A 6 X 6 transfer matrix is presented to evaluate the response of a multi-layer infinite plate to a given two-dimensional pressure excitation on one of its faces or, alternatively, to evaluate the acoustic pressure distribution excited by the normal velocity components of the radiating surfaces. It is shown that the present transfer matrix is a general case embodying the transfer matrices of normal excitation and one-dimensional pressure excitation due to an oblique incident wave. It is also shown that the present transfer matrix obeys the necessary checks to categorize the physically symmetric multi-layer plate as dynamically symmetric. Expressions are derived to obtain the wave propagation parameters, such as the transmission, absorption and reflection coefficients, in terms of the elements of the transfer matrix presented. Numerical results for transmission loss and reflection coefficients of a two-layer configuration are presented to illustrate the effect of angles of incidence, layer characteristics and ambient media.

High pressure electrical measurements on Ge-Te-Se glasses

Electrical resistivity measurements have been carried out on bulk Ge-Te-Se glasses in a Bridgman anvil System. The resistivity of the Ge-Te-Se samples is found to decrease continuously with increasing pressure, with the metallization occurring around 8 GPa. Ge20TexSe80-x glasses (10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 50) with the mean co-ordination number Z(av) = 2.4 exhibit a plateau in resistivity up to about 4 GPa pressure, followed by a continuous decrease to metallic values. On the other hand, Ge10TexSe90-x glasses (10 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 40) having Z(av) = 2.2, exhibit a smaller plateau (only up to 1 GPa), followed by a decrease in resistivity with pressure. This subtle difference in the high pressure resistivity of Ge-Te-Se glasses with Z(av) < 2.4 and Z(av) greater than or equal to 2.4 can be associated with the changes in the local structure of the chalcogenide glasses with composition.

Raman study of pressure-induced structural transitions in CsIO4 to 12 GPa

High pressure Raman scattering studies have been carried out on cesium periodate (CsIO4) using the diamond anvil cell. Three pressure-induced phase transitions occur in the range 0.1�12 GPa as indicated by abrupt changes in the Raman spectra, and pressure dependence of the phonon frequencies. The transitions are observed at 1.5, 4.5 and 6.2 GPa in the increasing pressure cycle. A large hysteresis is noticed for the reverse transition when releasing the pressure. The high pressure phase is nearly quenchable to ambient pressure. The nature of the pressure-induced transitions are discussed in terms of the sequence of pressure-induced transitions expected for scheelite-pseudoscheelite structure ABO4 compounds from crystal chemical considerations. For the softening of the two high frequency internal modes, a pressure-induced electronic change involving the 5 d states of cesium and 5 p states of iodine is invoked.

Sputtered thin-film strain gauges for differential pressure measurement

A differential pressure transducer with sputtered gold films as strain gauges has been designed and fabricated. The construction details of the sensing element assembly are given. The details of the strain gauge film configuration employed and the thin-film deposition process are also presented. Information on the output characteristics of the differential pressure transducer such as effect of pressure cycles on output, thermal stability, bidirectional calibration results obtained and individual gauge stability is reported.

Effect of Speed and Pressure on Dry Sliding Interactions of Alumina against Steel

Sliding of alumina (87%) pins against a hardened steel disk over a range of pressures (3.3-30.0 MPa) and speeds (0.1-12.0 ms(-1)) has been studied. Four different regions (R1, R2, R3, and R4) of friction as a function of speed have been identified. R1 and RS exhibit single-valued friction while in R2 and R4 the friction exhibits dual behavior. The speed range over which these regions prevail is sensitive to the pressure. R1 and R2 are low-speed and low-temperature regions, and in both, metal transfer and formation and compaction of gamma-Fe2O3 occur. R3 and R4 are associated with high speeds and high interface temperatures. Formation of FeO, FeAl2O4, and FeAlO3 has been observed. The implications of the tribochemical interactions on friction and wear characteristics are discussed.

Phonon interference in BaTiO3: High-pressure Raman study

Raman experiments have been carried out on single crystals of BaTiO3 as a function of pressure up to 3.5 GPa across the ferroelectric (tetragonal) to paraelectric (cubic) phase transition. The unusual features in the Raman spectra associated with the interference effects due to coupling of the three A1(TO) phonons are studied quantitatively to obtain the pressure dependence of the line shape parameters and the coupling constants. The frequencies of the middle and highest-frequency modes as well as the linewidth of the middle mode show interesting pressure dependence.

Polymerization and Pressure-Induced Amorphization of C60 and C70

Scanning tunneling microscopy of solid films of C-60 and C-70 clearly demonstrate the occurrence of photochemical polymerization of these fullerenes in the solid state. X-ray diffraction studies show that such a polymerization is accompanied by contraction of the unit-cell volume in the case of C-60 and expansion in the case of C-70. This is also evidenced from the STM images. These observations help to understand the differences in the amorphization behavior of C-60 and C-70 under pressure. Amorphization of C-60 under pressure is irreversible because it is accompanied by polymerization associated with a contraction of the unit cell volume. Monte Carlo simulations show how pressure-induced polymerization is favored in C-60 because of proper orientation as well as the required proximity of the molecules. Amorphization of C-70, on the other hand, is reversible because C-70 is less compressible and polymerization is not favored under pressure.

Raman study of pressure-induced phase transitions in RbIO4

The pressure dependence of the Raman spectra of RbIO4 has been investigated up to 27.3 GPa at room temperature using the diamond-anvil cell. The changes in the Raman spectra show clearly two pressure-induced phase transitions at 5.3 GPa from scheelite to pseudoscheelite and at 7.2 GPa from pseudoscheelite to wolframite. There is an indication of a possible phase transition at 18.3 GPa from wolframite to a denser complex structure. These transitions follow the same sequence as in other compounds such as alkali perrehenates, which crystallize in the scheelite structure. The systematics in pressure-induced phase transitions in alkali periodates is discussed.

Stability of spatially developing boundary layers in pressure gradients

A new formulation of the stability of boundary-layer flows in pressure gradients is presented, taking into account the spatial development of the flow and utilizing a special coordinate transformation. The formulation assumes that disturbance wavelength and eigenfunction vary downstream no more rapidly than the boundary-layer thickness, and includes all terms nominally of order R(-1) in the boundary-layer Reynolds number R. In Blasius flow, the present approach is consistent with that of Bertolotti et al. (1992) to O(R(-1)) but simpler (i.e. has fewer terms), and may best be seen as providing a parametric differential equation which can be solved without having to march in space. The computed neutral boundaries depend strongly on distance from the surface, but the one corresponding to the inner maximum of the streamwise velocity perturbation happens to be close to the parallel flow (Orr-Sommerfeld) boundary. For this quantity, solutions for the Falkner-Skan flows show the effects of spatial growth to be striking only in the presence of strong adverse pressure gradients. As a rational analysis to O(R(-1)) demands inclusion of higher-order corrections on the mean flow, an illustrative calculation of one such correction, due to the displacement effect of the boundary layer, is made, and shown to have a significant destabilizing influence on the stability boundary in strong adverse pressure gradients. The effect of non-parallelism on the growth of relatively high frequencies can be significant at low Reynolds numbers, but is marginal in other cases. As an extension of the present approach, a method of dealing with non-similar flows is also presented and illustrated. However, inherent in the transformation underlying the present approach is a lower-order non-parallel theory, which is obtained by dropping all terms of nominal order R(-1) except those required for obtaining the lowest-order solution in the critical and wall layers. It is shown that a reduced Orr-Sommerfeld equation (in transformed coordinates) already contains the major effects of non-parallelism.

Passive pressure coefficients, critical failure surface and its kinematic admissibility

Using a combination of a logarithmic spiral and a straight line as a failure surface, comprehensive charts have been developed to determine the passive earth pressure coefficients and the positions of the critical failure surface for positive as well as negative wall friction angles. Translational movement of the wall has been examined in detail, considering the soil as either an associated flow dilatant material or a non-dilatant material, to determine the kinematic admissibility of the limit equilibrium solutions.

Pressure-induced charge transfer in lanthanum nickel ferrate (LaNi0.5Fe0.5O3) and analogies to composition-driven charge transfer in dilanthanum cuprate (La2CuO4): an infrared study

A reversible pressure-induced phase transition in lanthanum nickel ferrate (LaNi0.5Fe0.5O3) manifests itself in the infrared spectrum of the transition metal-oxygen stretching (nu(TM-O)) modes by the emergence of new peaks at pressures greater than similar to 1.4 x 10(9) Pa. Analogies to this transition are made by considering charge transfer in dilanthanum cuprate (La2CuO4) and its modification by partial substitution of copper ions by chromium ions.

A molecular dynamics study and molecular level explanation of pressure dependence of ionic conductivity of potassium chloride in water

Experimental ionic conductivity of different alkali ions in water shows markedly different dependences on pressure. Existing theories such as that of Hubbard-Onsager are unable to explain these dependences on pressure of the ionic conductivity for all ions. We report molecular dynamics investigation of potassium chloride solution at low dilution in water at several pressures between 1 bar and 2 kbar. Two different potential models have been employed. One of the models successfully reproduces the experimentally observed trend in ionic conductivity of K+ ions in water over the 0.001-2 kbar range. We also propose a theoretical explanation, albeit at a qualitative level, to account for the dependence of ionic conductivity on pressure in terms of the previously studied Levitation Effect. It also provides a microscopic picture in terms of the pore network in liquid water.

Micromechanical modeling of granular materials: effect of confining pressure on mechanical behavior

This paper reports the effect of confining pressure on the mechanical behavior of granular materials from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, based on the results of numerically simulated tests on disc assemblages using discrete element modeling (DEM). The two macro parameters which are influenced by the increase in confining pressure are stiffness (increases) and volume change (decreases). The lateral strain coefficient (Poisson's ratio) at the beginning of the test is more or less constant. The angle of internal friction slightly decreases with increase in confining pressure. The numerical results of disc assemblages indicate very clearly a non-linear Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope with increase in confining pressure. The increase in average coordination number and accompanying decrease of fabric anisotropy reduce the shear strength at higher confining pressures. Micromechanical explanations of the macroscopic behavior are presented in terms of the force and fabric anisotropy coefficients. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. AII rights reserved.

An interesting feature of the vapour pressure curve

There exists a maximum in the products of the saturation properties such as T(p(c) - p) and p(T-c - T) in the vapour-liquid coexistence region for all liquids. The magnitudes of those maxima on the reduced coordinate system provide an insight to the molecular complexity of the liquid. It is shown that the gradients of the vapour pressure curve at temperatures where those maxima occur are directly given by simple relations involving the reduced pressures and temperatures at that point. A linear relation between the maximum values of those products of the form [p(r)(1 - T-r)](max) = 0.2095 - 0.2415 [T-r(1 - p(r))](max) has been found based on a study of 55 liquids ranging from non-polar monatomic cryogenic liquids to polar high boiling point liquids.