Electrochemical oxidation of boron containing compounds on titanium carbide and its implications to direct fuel cells

Electrochemical oxidation of sodium borohydride (NaBH(4)) and ammonia borane (NH(3)BH(3)) (AB) have been studied on titanium carbide electrode. The oxidation is followed by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and polarization measurements. A fuel cell with TiC as anode and 40 wt% Pt/C as cathode is constructed and the polarization behaviour is studied with NaBH(4) as anodic fuel and hydrogen peroxide as catholyte. A maximum power density of 65 mW cm(-2) at a load current density of 83 mA cm(-2) is obtained at 343 K in the case of borhydride-based fuel cell and a value of 85 mW cm(-2) at 105 mA cm(-2) is obtained in the case of AB-based fuel cell at 353 K. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ashort reviewondirect borohydride fuel cells

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFC) use aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride(NaBH4) as anode fuel to generate electric power with either oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The DBFCs are projected to be very handy for portable power appliances such as laptops and mobile phones in addition to their use in extreme conditions such as underwater and portable military applications. This short review discusses the progress in DBFC research based on electrode materials and membranes.

A Monoclonal Antibody against Human Notch1 Ligand-Binding Domain Depletes Subpopulation of Putative Breast Cancer Stem-like Cells

Overexpression of Notch receptors and ligands has been associated with various cancers and developmental disorders, making Notch a potential therapeutic target. Here, we report characterization of Notch1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with therapeutic potential. The mAbs generated against epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats 11 to 15 inhibited binding of Jagged1 and Delta-like4 and consequently, signaling in a dose-dependent manner, the antibodies against EGF repeats 11 to 12 being more effective than those against repeats 13 to 15. These data emphasize the role of EGF repeats 11 to 12 in ligand binding. One of the mAbs, 602.101, which specifically recognizes Notch1, inhibited ligand-dependent expression of downstream target genes of Notch such as HES-1, HES-5, and HEY-L in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The mAb also decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, exposure to this antibody reduced CD44(Hi)/CD24(Low) subpopulation in MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting a decrease in the cancer stem-like cell subpopulation. This was confirmed by showing that exposure to the antibody decreased the primary, secondary, and tertiary mammosphere formation efficiency of the cells. Interestingly, effect of the antibody on the putative stem-like cells appeared to be irreversible, because the mammosphere-forming efficiency could not be salvaged even after antibody removal during the secondary sphere formation. The antibody also modulated expression of genes associated with stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, targeting individual Notch receptors by specific mAbs is a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce the potential breast cancer stem-like cell subpopulation. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(1); 77-86. (C) 2011 AACR.

CNT loading into cationic cholesterol suspensions show improved DNA binding and serum stability and ability to internalize into cancer cells

Methods which disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water as `debundled', while maintaining their unique physical properties are highly useful. We present here a family of cationic cholesterol compounds (Chol(+)) {Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl pyridinium bromide (Chol-PB+), Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl N-methyl pyrrolidinium bromide (Chol-MPB+), Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl N-methyl morpholinium bromide (Chol-MMB+) and Cholest-5en-3 beta-oxyethyl diazabicyclo octanium bromide (Chol-DOB+)}. Each of these could be easily dispersed in water. The resulting cationic cholesterol (Chol(+)) suspensions solubilized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by the non-specific physical adsorption of Chol(+) to form stable, transparent, dark aqueous suspensions at room temperature. Electron microscopy reveals the existence of highly segregated CNTs in these samples. Zeta potential measurements showed an increase in potential of cationic cholesterol aggregates on addition of CNTs. The CNT-Chol(+) suspensions were capable of forming stable complexes with genes (DNA) efficiently. The release of double-helical DNA from such CNT-Chol(+) complexes could be induced upon the addition of anionic micellar solution of SDS. Furthermore, the CNT-based DNA complexes containing cationic cholesterol aggregates showed higher stability in fetal bovine serum media at physiological conditions. Confocal studies confirm that CNT-Chol(+) formulations adhere to HeLa cell surfaces and get internalized more efficiently than the cationic cholesterol suspensions alone (devoid of any CNTs). These cationic cholesterol-CNT suspensions therefore appear to be a promising system for further use in biological applications.

Durable Transition-Metal-Carbide-Supported Pt-Ru Anodes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Molybdenum carbide (MoC) and tungsten carbide (WC) are synthesized by direct carbonization method. PtRu catalysts supported on MoC, WC, and Vulcan XC-72R are prepared, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with electrochemistry. Electrochemical activities for the catalysts towards methanol electro-oxidation are studied by cyclic voltammetry. All the electro-catalysts are subjected to accelerated durability test (ADT). The electrochemical activity of carbide-supported electro-catalysts towards methanol electro-oxidation is found to be higher than carbon-supported catalysts before and after ADT. The study suggests that PtRu/MoC and PtRu/WC catalysts are more durable than PtRu/C. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) with PtRu/MoC and PtRu/WC anodes also exhibit higher performance than the DMFC with PtRu/C anode.

Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy identifies protein propionylation in histone deacetylase inhibitor treated glioma cells

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have attracted considerable attention as potential drug molecules in tumour biology. In order to optimise chemotherapy, it is important to understand the mechanisms of regulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes and modifications brought by various HDIs. In the present study, we have employed Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FT-IRMS) to evaluate modifications in cellular macromolecules subsequent to treatment with various HDIs. In addition to CH3 (methyl) stretching bands at 2872 and 2960 cm1, which arises due to acetylation, we also found major changes in bands at 2851 and 2922 cm1, which originates from stretching vibrations of CH2 (methylene) groups, in valproic acid treated cells. We further demonstrate that the changes in CH2 stretching are concentration-dependent and also induced by several other HDIs. Recently, HDIs have been shown to induce propionylation besides acetylation [1]. Since propionylation involves CH2 groups, we hypothesized that CH2 vibrational frequency changes seen in HDI treated cells could arise due to propionylation. As verification, pre-treatment of cells with propionyl CoA synthetase inhibitor resulted in loss of CH2 vibrational changes in histones, purified from valproic acid treated cells. This was further proved by western blot using propionyl-lysine specific antibody. Thus we demonstrate for the first time that propionylation could be monitored by studying CH2 stretching using IR spectroscopy and further provide a platform for monitoring HDI induced multiple changes in cells. (C) 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Cytocompatibility property evaluation of gas pressure sintered SiAlON-SiC composites with L929 fibroblast cells and Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells

Although the oxide ceramics have widely been investigated for their biocompatibility, non-oxide ceramics, such as SiAlON and SiC are yet to be explored in detail. Lack of understanding of the biocompatibility restricts the use of these ceramics in clinical trials. It is hence, essential to carry out proper and thorough study to assess cell adhesion, cytocompatibility and cell viability on the non-oxide ceramics for the potential applications. In this perspective, the present research work reports the cytocompatibility of gas pressure sintered SiAlON monolith and SiAlON-SiC composites with varying amount of SIC, using connective tissue cells (L929) and bone cells (Saos-2). The quantification of cell viability using MTT assay reveals the non-cytotoxic response. The cell viability has been found to be cell type dependent. An attempt has been made to discuss the cytocompatibility of the developed composites in the light of SiC content and type of sinter additives. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhanced efficiency of tri-layered dye solar cells with hydrothermally synthesized titania nanotubes as light scattering outer layer

In the present study dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated with a tri-layer photo anode consisting of hydrothermally prepared titania nano tubes (TNT) having a diameter of 9-10 nm and length of several micrometers as outer layer, P25 TiO2 powder as transparent light absorbing middle layer and a compact TiO2 inner layer to improve the adhesion of different layers on a transparent conducting oxide coated substrate. In comparison to cells fabricated using TNTs or P25 alone, the tri-layer DSSCs exhibit an enhanced efficiency of 7.15% with a current density of 17.12 mA cm(-2) under AM 1.5 illumination. The enhancement is attributed to the light scattering generated by TNTs aggregates, reduction in electron transport resistance at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface and an improvement in electron life-time. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Size-mediated cytotoxicity of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide, pure and zinc-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells

Nanoparticles are highly used in biological applications including nanomedicine. In this present study, the interaction of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) with hydroxyapatite (HAp), zinc-doped hydroxyapatite, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were investigated. Hydroxyapatite, zinc-doped hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared by wet precipitation method. They were subjected to isochronal annealing at different temperatures. Particle morphology and size distribution were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The nanoparticles were co-cultured with HepG2 cells. MTT assay was employed to evaluate the proliferation of tumor cells. The DNA damaging effect of HAp, Zn-doped HAp, and TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were evaluated using DNA fragmentation studies. The results showed that in HepG2 cells, the anti-tumor activity strongly depend on the size of nanoparticles in HCC cells. Cell cycle arrest analysis for HAp, zinc-doped HAp, and TiO2 nanoparticles revealed the influence of HAp, zinc-doped HAp, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The results imply that the novel nano nature effect plays an important role in the biomedicinal application of nanoparticles.

Introduction of SV40ER and hTERT into mammospheres generates breast cancer cells with stem cell properties

Emerging evidence suggests that cancers arise in stem/progenitor cells. Yet, the requirements for transformation of these primitive cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we have exploited the `mammosphere' system that selects for primitive mammary stem/progenitor cells to explore their potential and requirements for transformation. Introduction of Simian Virus 40 Early Region and hTERT into mammosphere-derived cells led to the generation of NBLE, an immortalized mammary epithelial cell line. The NBLEs largely comprised of bi-potent progenitors with long-term self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Clonal and karyotype analyses revealed the existence of heterogeneous population within NBLEs with varied proliferation, differentiation and sphere-forming potential. Significantly, injection of NBLEs into immunocompromised mice resulted in the generation of invasive ductal adenocarcinomas. Further, these cells harbored a sub-population of CD44(+)/CD24(-) fraction that alone had sphere- and tumor-initiating potential and resembled the breast cancer stem cell gene signature. Interestingly, prolonged in vitro culturing led to their further enrichment. The NBLE cells also showed increased expression of stemness and epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers, deregulated self-renewal pathways, activated DNA-damage response and cancer-associated chromosomal aberrations-all of which are likely to have contributed to their tumorigenic transformation. Thus, unlike previous in vitro transformation studies that used adherent, more differentiated human mammary epithelial cells our study demonstrates that the mammosphere-derived, less-differentiated cells undergo tumorigenic conversion with only two genetic elements, without requiring oncogenic Ras. Moreover, the striking phenotypic and molecular resemblance of the NBLE-generated tumors with naturally arising breast adenocarcinomas supports the notion of a primitive breast cell as the origin for this subtype of breast cancer. Finally, the NBLEs represent a heterogeneous population of cells with striking plasticity, capable of differentiation, self-renewal and tumorigenicity, thus offering a unique model system to study the molecular mechanisms involved with these processes. Oncogene (2012) 31, 1896-1909; doi:10.1038/onc.2011.378; published online 29 August 2011

Mechanism of Fragility at BCL2 Gene Minor Breakpoint Cluster Region during t(14;18) Chromosomal Translocation

The t(14;18) translocation in follicular lymphoma is one of the most common chromosomal translocations. Breaks in chromosome 18 are localized at the 3'-UTR of BCL2 gene or downstream and are mainly clustered in either the major breakpoint region or the minor breakpoint cluster region (mcr). The recombination activating gene (RAG) complex induces breaks at IgH locus of chromosome 14, whereas the mechanism of fragility at BCL2 mcr remains unclear. Here, for the first time, we show that RAGs can nick mcr; however, the mechanism is unique. Three independent nicks of equal efficiency are generated, when both Mg2+ and Mn2+ are present, unlike a single nick during V(D)J recombination. Further, we demonstrate that RAG binding and nicking at the mcr are independent of nonamer, whereas a CCACCTCT motif plays a critical role in its fragility, as shown by sequential mutagenesis. More importantly, we recapitulate the BCL2 mcr translocation and find that mcr can undergo synapsis with a standard recombination signal sequence within the cells, in a RAG-dependent manner. Further, mutation to the CCACCTCT motif abolishes recombination within the cells, indicating its vital role. Hence, our data suggest a novel, physiologically relevant, nonamer-independent mechanism of RAG nicking at mcr, which may be important for generation of chromosomal translocations in humans.

Microbially induced separation of quartz from hematite using yeast cells and metabolites

The utility of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the separation of quartz from hematite is demonstrated. Yeast cells; as well as their metabolites, functioned as flotation collectors, depressants or flocculants and dispersants for hematite and quartz. Interaction between yeast and the above minerals resulted in significant surface chemical changes, rendering quartz surfaces hydrophobic and hematite hydrophilic. Mineral-specific extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides were secreted by yeast cells when grown in the presence of quartz and hematite, respectively. Quartz could be efficiently separated from hematite through microbially induced flotation and selective flocculation.