The June 2010 Nicobar Earthquake: Fault Reactivation on the Subducting Oceanic Plate

The similar to 1300-km-long rupture zone of the 2004 Andaman-Sumatra megathrust earthquake continues to generate a mix of thrust, normal, and strike-slip faulting events. The 12 June 2010 M(w) 7.5 event on the subducting plate is the most recent large earthquake on the Nicobar segment. The left-lateral faulting mechanism of this event is unusual for the outer-rise region, considering the stress transfer processes that follow great underthrusting earthquakes. Another earthquake (M(w) 7.2) with a similar mechanism occurred very close to this event on 24 July 2005. These earthquakes and most of their aftershocks on the subducting plate were generated by left-lateral strike-slip faulting on north-northeast-south-southwest oriented near-vertical faults, in response to north-northwest-south-southeast directed compression. Pre-2004 earthquake faulting mechanisms on the subducting oceanic plate are consistent with this pattern. Post-2004, left-lateral faulting on the subducting oceanic plate clusters between 5 degrees N and 9 degrees N, where the 90 degrees E ridge impinges the trench axis. Our study observes that the subducting plate off the Sumatra and Nicobar segments behaves similarly to a chip of the India-Australia plate, deforming in response to a generally northwest-southeast oriented compression, an aspect that must be factored into the plate deformation models.

Optimizing Delay in Sequential Change Detection on Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks

We consider the classical problem of sequential detection of change in a distribution (from hypothesis 0 to hypothesis 1), where the fusion centre receives vectors of periodic measurements, with the measurements being i.i.d. over time and across the vector components, under each of the two hypotheses. In our problem, the sensor devices ("motes") that generate the measurements constitute an ad hoc wireless network. The motes contend using a random access protocol (such as CSMA/CA) to transmit their measurement packets to the fusion centre. The fusion centre waits for vectors of measurements to accumulate before taking decisions. We formulate the optimal detection problem, taking into account the network delay experienced by the vectors of measurements, and find that, under periodic sampling, the detection delay decouples into network delay and decision delay. We obtain a lower bound on the network delay, and propose a censoring scheme, where lagging sensors drop their delayed observations in order to mitigate network delay. We show that this scheme can achieve the lower bound. This approach is explored via simulation. We also use numerical evaluation and simulation to study issues such as: the optimal sampling rate for a given number of sensors, and the optimal number of sensors for a given measurement rate

A hybrid pre-whitening technique for detection of additive spread spectrum watermarks in audio signals

Pre-whitening techniques are employed in blind correlation detection of additive spread spectrum watermarks in audio signals to reduce the host signal interference. A direct deterministic whitening (DDW) scheme is derived in this paper from the frequency domain analysis of the time domain correlation process. Our experimental studies reveal that, the Savitzky-Golay Whitening (SGW), which is otherwise inferior to DDW technique, performs better when the audio signal is predominantly lowpass. The novelty of this paper lies in exploiting the complementary nature to the two whitening techniques to obtain a hybrid whitening (HbW) scheme. In the hybrid scheme the DDW and SGW techniques are selectively applied, based on short time spectral characteristics of the audio signal. The hybrid scheme extends the reliability of watermark detection to a wider range of audio signals.

Fault-Diagnostic System using Support Vector Machines for Power Transmission Systems

This paper presents an approach for identifying the faulted line section and fault location on transmission systems using support vector machines (SVMs) for diagnosis/post-fault analysis purpose. Power system disturbances are often caused by faults on transmission lines. When fault occurs on a transmission system, the protective relay detects the fault and initiates the tripping operation, which isolates the affected part from the rest of the power system. Based on the fault section identified, rapid and corrective restoration procedures can thus be taken to minimize the power interruption and limit the impact of outage on the system. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation. This may help in improving the fault monitoring/diagnosis process, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. In this paper we compare SVMs with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) in data sets corresponding to different faults on a transmission system. Classification and regression accuracy is reported for both strategies. Studies on a practical 24-Bus equivalent EHV transmission system of the Indian Southern region is presented for indicating the improved generalization with the large margin classifiers in enhancing the efficacy of the chosen model.

Fault-tolerant Video on Demand in RSerPool Architecture

With the advent of Internet, video over IP is gaining popularity. In such an environment, scalability and fault tolerance will be the key issues. Existing video on demand (VoD) service systems are usually neither scalable nor tolerant to server faults and hence fail to comply to multi-user, failure-prone networks such as the Internet. Current research areas concerning VoD often focus on increasing the throughput and reliability of single server, but rarely addresses the smooth provision of service during server as well as network failures. Reliable Server Pooling (RSerPool), being capable of providing high availability by using multiple redundant servers as single source point, can be a solution to overcome the above failures. During a possible server failure, the continuity of service is retained by another server. In order to achieve transparent failover, efficient state sharing is an important requirement. In this paper, we present an elegant, simple, efficient and scalable approach which has been developed to facilitate the transfer of state by the client itself, using extended cookie mechanism, which ensures that there is no noticeable change in disruption or the video quality.

Non Identical Duplicate Video Detection using SIFT Method

Non-Identical Duplicate video detection is a challenging research problem. Non-Identical Duplicate video are a pair of videos that are not exactly identical but are almost similar.In this paper, we evaluate two methods - Keyframe -based and Tomography-based methods to determine the Non-Identical Duplicate videos. These two methods make use of the existing scale based shift invariant (SIFT) method to find the match between the key frames in first method, and the cross-sections through the temporal axis of the videos in second method.We provide extensive experimental results and the analysis of accuracy and efficiency of the above two methods on a data set of Non- Identical Duplicate video-pair.

Wavelet based spectral finite element modelling and detection of de-lamination in composite beams

In this paper, a model for composite beam with embedded de-lamination is developed using the wavelet based spectral finite element (WSFE) method particularly for damage detection using wave propagation analysis. The simulated responses are used as surrogate experimental results for the inverse problem of detection of damage using wavelet filtering. The WSFE technique is very similar to the fast fourier transform (FFT) based spectral finite element (FSFE) except that it uses compactly supported Daubechies scaling function approximation in time. Unlike FSFE formulation with periodicity assumption, the wavelet-based method allows imposition of initial values and thus is free from wrap around problems. This helps in analysis of finite length undamped structures, where the FSFE method fails to simulate accurate response. First, numerical experiments are performed to study the effect of de-lamination on the wave propagation characteristics. The responses are simulated for different de-lamination configurations for both broad-band and narrow-band excitations. Next, simulated responses are used for damage detection using wavelet analysis.

Detection and Evaluation of Impact damage in CFRP Laminates Using Ultrasound C-Scan and IR Thermography

Advanced composite structural components made up of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) used in aerospace structures such as in Fuselage, Leading & Trailing edges of wing and tail, Flaps, Elevator, Rudder and entire wing structures encounter most critical type of damage induced by low velocity impact (<10 m/s) loads. Tool dropped during maintenance & service,and hailstone impacts on runways are common and unavoidable low-velocity impacts. These lowvelocity impacts induce defects such as delaminations, matrix cracking and debonding in the layered material, which are sub-surface in nature and are barely visible on the surface known as Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID). These damages may grow under service load, leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. Hence detection, evaluation and characterization of these types of damage is of major concern in aerospace industries as the life of the component depends on the size and shape of the damage.In this paper, details of experimental investigations carried out and results obtained from a low-velocity impact of 30 Joules corresponding to the hailstone impact on the wing surface,simulated on the 6 mm CFRP laminates using instrumented drop-weight impact testing machine are presented. The Ultrasound C-scan and Infrared thermography imaging techniques were utilized extensively to detect, evaluate and characterize impact damage across the thickness of the laminates.

Direct detection of Salmonella without pre-enrichment in milk, ice-cream and fruit juice by PCR against hilA gene

A novel PCR based assay was devised to specifically detect contamination of any Salmonella serovar in milk, fruit juice and ice-cream without pre-enrichment. This method utilizes primers against hilA gene which is conserved in all Salmonella serovars and absent from the close relatives of Salmonella. An optimized protocol, in terms time and money, is provided for the reduction of PCR contaminants from milk, ice-cream and juice through the use of routine laboratory chemicals. The simplicity, efficiency (time taken 3-4 h) and sensitivity (to about 5-10 CFU/ml) of this technique confers a unique advantage over other previously used time consuming detection techniques. This technique does not involve pre-enrichment of the samples or extensive sample processing, which was a pre-requisite in most of the other reported studies. Hence, this assay can be ideal for adoption, after further fine tuning, by food quality control for timely detection of Salmonella contamination as well as other food-borne pathogens (with species specific primers) in food especially milk, ice-cream and fruit juice. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement of Electron Spin Lifetime and Optical Orientation Efficiency in Germanium Using Electrical Detection of Radio Frequency Modulated Spin Polarization

We propose and demonstrate a technique for electrical detection of polarized spins in semiconductors in zero applied magnetic fields. Spin polarization is generated by optical injection using circularly polarized light which is modulated rapidly using an electro-optic cell. The modulated spin polarization generates a weak time-varying magnetic field which is detected by a sensitive radio-frequency coil. Using a calibrated pickup coil and amplification electronics, clear signals were obtained for bulk GaAs and Ge samples from which an optical spin orientation efficiency of 4.8% could be determined for Ge at 1342 nm excitation wavelength. In the presence of a small external magnetic field, the signal decayed according to the Hanle effect, from which a spin lifetime of 4.6 +/- 1.0 ns for electrons in bulk Ge at 127 K was extracted.