Performance Analysis of a Cooperative MAC Protocol of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Different medium access control (MAC) layer protocols, for example, IEEE 802.11 series and others are used in wireless local area networks. They have limitation in handling bulk data transfer applications, like video-on-demand, videoconference, etc. To avoid this problem a cooperative MAC protocol environment has been introduced, which enables the MAC protocol of a node to use its nearby nodes MAC protocol as and when required. We have found on various occasions that specified cooperative MAC establishes cooperative transmissions to send the specified data to the destination. In this paper we propose cooperative MAC priority (CoopMACPri) protocol which exploits the advantages of priority value given by the upper layers for selection of different paths to nodes running heterogeneous applications in a wireless ad hoc network environment. The CoopMACPri protocol improves the system throughput and minimizes energy consumption. Using a Markov chain model, we developed a model to analyse the performance of CoopMACPri protocol; and also derived closed-form expression of saturated system throughput and energy consumption. Performance evaluations validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis, and also show that the performance of CoopMACPri protocol varies with the number of nodes. We observed that the simulation results and analysis reflects the effectiveness of the proposed protocol as per the specifications.

Determination of Internal Structures of Heterogeneous Nanocrystals Using Variable-Energy Photoemission Spectroscopy

This article describes the determination of the internal structure of heterogeneous nanoparticle systems including inverted core-shell (CdS core and CdSe shell) and alloyed (CdSeS) quantum dots using depth-resolved, variable-energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A unique feature of this work is the combination of photoelectron spectroscopy performed at lower X-ray energies (400-700 eV), to achieve surface sensitivity, with bulk sensitive measurements at high photon energies (>2000 eV), thereby providing detailed information about the whole nanoparticle structure with a great accuracy. The use of high photon energies furthermore allows us to investigate nanoparticles much larger than those studied thus far. This capability is a consequence of the much-increased mean free path of the photoelectron achieved at high excitation energies. Our results show that the actual structures of the synthesized nanoparticles are considerably different from the nominal, targeted structures, which can be post facto rationalized in terms of the reactivity of different constituents.

High-Resolution Solid State C-13 NMR Studies of Bent-Core Mesogens of Benzene and Thiophene

Bent-core mesogens are an important class of thermotropic liquid crystals as they exhibit unusual properties as well as morphologies distinctly different from rodlike mesogens. Two bent-core mesogens with differing center rings namely benzene and thiophene are considered and investigated using high-resolution oriented solid state C-13 NMR method in their liquid crystalline phases. The mesogens exhibit different phase sequences with the benzene-based mesogen showing a B-1 phase, while the one based on thiophene showing nematic and smectic C phases. The 2-dimensional separated local field (2D-SLF) NMR method was used to obtain the C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings of carbons in the center ring as well as in the side-wing phenyl rings. Couplings, characteristic of the type of the center ring, that also provide orientational information on the molecule in the magnetic field were observed. Together with the dipolar couplings of the side-wing phenyl ring carbons from which the local order parameters of the different subunits of the core could be extracted, the bent angle of the mesogenic molecule could be obtained. Accordingly, for the benzene mesogen in its B-1 phase at 145 degrees C, the center ring methine C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings were found to be significantly larger (9.5-10.2 kHz) compared to those of the side-wing rings (1.6-2.1 kHz). From the local order parameter values of the center (0.68) as well as the side-wing rings (0.50), a bent-angle of 130.3 degrees for this mesogen was obtained. Interestingly, for the thiophene mesogen in its smectic C phase at 210 degrees C, the C-13-H-1 dipolar coupling of the center ring methine carbon (2.11 kHz) is smaller than those of the side-wing phenyl ring carbons (2.75-3.00 kHz) which is a consequence of the different structures of the thiophene and the benzene rings. These values correspond to local order parameters of 0.85 for the center thiophene ring and 0.76 for the first side-wing phenyl ring and a bent-angle of 149.2 degrees. Thus, the significant differences in the dipolar couplings and the order parameter values between different parts in the rigid core of the mesogens are a direct consequence of the nature of the center ring and the bent structure of the molecule. The present investigation thus highlights the ability of the C-13 2D-SLF technique to provide the geometry of the bent-core mesogens in a straightforward manner through the measurement of the C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings.

Correlation between Optical Properties and Nanomorphology of Fluoranthene-Based Conjugated Copolymer

Nanoparticles of conjugated polymers are receiving attention due to their interesting optical properties. Here we report nanoparticles of fluoranthene-based conjugated copolymer prepared by the Suzuki coupling reaction. The copolymer forms nanoparticles by the spontaneous self-assembly after evaporation of organic solvent. The mean diameter of the nanoparticles can be manipulated by varying solvent composition. We investigated the parameters that govern the nanostructured morphology of polymer by systematic variation of good and poor solvent. The UV vis and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy measurement reveal the use of poor solvent in the organization of nanostructures. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy highlights the importance of rigidity of the polymer backbone in morphological development.

Pressure Dependence of Glass Transition in As2Te3 Glass

Amorphous solids prepared from their melt state exhibit glass transition phenomenon upon heating. Viscosity, specific heat, and thermal expansion coefficient of the amorphous solids show rapid changes at the glass transition temperature (T-g). Generally, application of high pressure increases the T-g and this increase (a positive dT(g)/dP) has been understood adequately with free volume and entropy models which are purely thermodynamic in origin. In this study, the electrical resistivity of semiconducting As2Te3 glass at high pressures as a function of temperature has been measured in a Bridgman anvil apparatus. Electrical resistivity showed a pronounced change at T-g. The T-g estimated from the slope change in the resistivity-temperature plot shows a decreasing trend (negative dT(g)/dP). The dT(g)/dP was found to be -2.36 degrees C/kbar for a linear fit and -2.99 degrees C/kbar for a polynomial fit in the pressure range 1 bar to 9 kbar. Chalcogenide glasses like Se, As2Se3, and As30Se30Te40 show a positive dT(g)/dP which is very well understood in terms of the thermodynamic models. The negative dT(g)/dP (which is generally uncommon in liquids) observed for As2Te3 glass is against the predictions of the thermodynamic models. The Adam-Gibbs model of viscosity suggests a direct relationship between the isothermal pressure derivative of viscosity and the relaxational expansion coefficient. When the sign of the thermal expansion coefficient is negative, dT(g)/dP = Delta k/Delta alpha will be less than zero, which can result in a negative dT(g)/dP. In general, chalcogenides rich in tellurium show a negative thermal expansion coefficient (NTE) in the supercooled and stable liquid states. Hence, the negative dT(g)/dP observed in this study can be understood on the basis of the Adams-Gibbs model. An electronic model proposed by deNeufville and Rockstad finds a linear relation between T-g and the optical band gap (E-g for covalent semiconducting glasses when they are grouped according to their average coordination number. The electrical band gap (Delta E) of As2Te3 glass decreases with pressure. The optical and electrical band gaps are related as Delta E-g = 2 Delta E; thus, a negative dT(g)/dP is expected when As2Te3 glass is subjected to high pressures. In this sense, As2Te3 is a unique glass where its variation of T-g with pressure can be understood by both electronic and thermodynamic models.

Thermal Decomposition of Propargyl Alcohol: Single Pulse Shock Tube Experimental and ab Initio Theoretical Study

Thermal decomposition of propargyl alcohol (C3H3OH), a molecule of interest in interstellar chemistry and combustion, was investigated using a single pulse shock tube in the temperature ranging from 953 to 1262 K. The products identified include acetylene, propyne, vinylacetylene, propynal, propenal, and benzene. The experimentally observed overall rate constant for thermal decomposition of propargyl alcohol was found to be k = 10((10.17 +/- 0.36)) exp(-39.70 +/- 1.83)/RT) s(-1) Ab initio theoretical calculations were carried out to understand the potential energy surfaces involved in the primary and secondary steps of propargyl alcohol thermal decomposition. Transition state theory was used to predict the rate constants, which were then used and refined in a kinetic simulation of the product profile. The first step in the decomposition is C-O bond dissociation, leading to the formation of two important radicals in combustion, OH and propargyl. This has been used to study the reverse OH propargyl radical reaction, about which there appears to be no prior work. Depending on the site of attack, this reaction leads to propargyl alcohol or propenal, one of the major products at temperatures below 1200 K. A detailed mechanism has been derived to explain all the observed products.

Semiconductor-like Sensitivity in Metallic Ultrathin Gold Nanowire-Based Sensors

Due to the ease of modification of electronic structure upon analyte adsorption, semiconductors have been the preferred materials as chemical sensors. At reduced dimension, however, the sensitivity of semiconductor-based sensors deteriorates significantly due to passivation, and often by increased band gap caused by quantum confinement. Using first-principles density functional theory combined with Boltzmann transport calculations, we demonstrate semiconductor-like sensitivity toward chemical species in ultrathin gold nanowires (AuNWs). The sensing mechanism is governed by the modification of the electronic structure of the AuNW as well as scattering of the charge carriers by analyte adsorption. Most importantly, the sensitivity exhibits a linear relationship with the electron affinities of the respective analytes. Based on this relationship, we propose an empirical parameter, which can predict an analyte-specific sensitivity of a AuNW, rendering them as effective sensors for a wide range of chemical an alytes.

Size Modulation of Colloidal Au Nanoparticles via Digestive Ripening in Conjunction with a Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion Method: An Insight Into Mechanism

Digestive ripening, a postsynthetic treatment of colloidal nanoparticles, is a versatile method to produce monodisperse nanoparticles and to prepare various bimetallic nanostructures. The mechanism of this process is largely unknown. Herein, we present a systematic study conducted using Au nanoparticles prepared by a solvated metal atom dispersion method to probe the mechanistic aspects of digestive ripening. In our study, experimental conditions such as concentration of capping agent, reaction time, and temperature, were found to influence the course of the digestive ripening process. Here it is shown that, during digestive ripening under reflux, nanoparticles within an optimum size window are conserved, and surface etching facilitated mass transfer resulted in monodisperse nanoparticles. Overall, digestive ripening can be considered as a kinetically controlled thermodynamic process.

Critical cysteines in Akt1 regulate its activity and proteasomal degradation: implications for neurodegenerative diseases

Impaired Akt1 signaling is observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD models oxidative modification of Akt1 leads to its dephosphorylation and consequent loss of its kinase activity. To explore the underlying mechanism we exposed Neuro2A cells to cadmium, a pan inhibitor of protein thiol disulfide oxidoreductases, including glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1), or downregulated Grx1, which led to dephosphorylation of Akt1, loss of its kinase activity, and also decreased Akt1 protein levels. Mutation of cysteines to serines at 296 and 310 in Akt1 did not affect its basal kinase activity but abolished cadmium- and Grx1 downregulation-induced reduction in Akt1 kinase activity, indicating their critical role in redox modulation of Akt1 function and turnover. Cadmium-induced decrease in phosphorylated Akt1 correlated with increased association of wild-type (WT) Akt1 with PP2A, which was absent in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant and was also abolished by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Further, increased proteasomal degradation of Akt1 by cadmium was not seen in the C296-310S Akt1 mutant, indicating that oxidation of cysteine residues facilitates degradation of WT Akt1. Moreover, preventing oxidative modification of Akt1 cysteines 296 and 310 by mutating them to serines increased the cell survival effects of Akt1. Thus, in neurodegenerative states such as PD, maintaining the thiol status of cysteines 296 and 310 in Akt1 would be critical for Akt1 kinase activity and for preventing its degradation by proteasomes. Preventing downregulation of Akt signaling not only has long-range consequences for cell survival but could also affect the multiple roles that Ala plays, including in the Akt-mTOR signaling cascade. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Oscillation dynamics of sessile droplets subjected to substrate vibration

Sessile droplets on a vibrating substrate are investigated focusing on axisymmetric oscillations with pinned contact line. Proper orthogonal decomposition is employed to identify the different modes of droplet shape oscillation and quantitatively assess the droplet oscillation and spectral response. We offer the first experimental evidence for the analogy of an oscillating sessile droplet with a non-linear spring mass damper system. The qualitative and quantitative agreement of amplitude response and phase response curves and limit cycles of the model dynamical system with that observed experimentally suggest that the bulk oscillations in the fundamental mode of a sessile droplet can be very well modeled by a Duffing oscillator with a hard spring, especially near the resonance. The red shift of the resonance peak with an increase in the glycerol concentration is clearly evidenced by both the experimental and predicted amplitude response curves. The influence of various operational parameters such as excitation frequency and amplitude and fluid properties on the droplet oscillation characteristics is adequately captured by the model. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Glass, Gel, and Liquid Crystals: Arrested States of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersions

Colloidal systems with competing interactions are known to exhibit a range of dynamically arrested states because of the systems' inability to reach its underlying equilibrium state due to intrinsic frustration. Graphene oxide (GO) aqueous dispersions constitute a class of 2D-anisotropic colloids with competing interactions long-range electrostatic repulsion, originating from ionized groups located on the rim of the sheets, and weak dispersive attractive interactions originating from the unoxidized graphitic domains. We show here that aqueous dispersions of GO exhibit a range of arrested states, encompassing fluid, glass, and gels that coexist with liquid-crystalline order with increasing volume fraction. These states can be accessed by varying the relative magnitudes of the repulsive and attractive forces. This can be realized by changing the ionic strength of the medium. We observe at low salt concentrations, where long-range electrostatic repulsion dominates, the formation of a repulsive Wigner glass, while at high salt concentrations, when attractive forces dominate, the formation of gels exhibits a nematic to columnar liquid-crystalline transition. The present work highlights how the chemical structure of GO hydrophilic ionizable groups and hydrophobic graphitic domains coexisting on a single sheet gives rise to a rich and complex array of arrested states.

Temperature-Induced Reversible First-Order Single Crystal to Single Crystal Phase Transition in Boc-gamma(4)(R)Val-Val-OH: Interplay of Enthalpy and Entropy

Crystals of Boc-gamma y(4)(R)Val-Val-OH undergo a reversible first-order single crystal to single crystal phase transition at T-c approximate to 205 K from the orthorhombic space group P22(1)2(1) (Z' = 1) to the monoclinic space group P2(1) (Z' = 2) with a hysteresis of similar to 2.1 K. The low-temperature monoclinic form is best described as a nonmerohedral twin with similar to 50% contributions from its two components. The thermal behavior of the dipeptide crystals was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry experiments. Visual changes in birefringence of the sample during heating and cooling cycles on a hot-stage microscope with polarized light supported the phase transition. Variable-temperature unit cell check measurements from 300 to 100 K showed discontinuity in the volume and cell parameters near the transition temperature, supporting the first-order behavior. A detailed comparison of the room-temperature orthorhombic form with the low-temperature (100 K) monoclinic form revealed that the strong hydrogen-bonding motif is retained in both crystal systems, whereas the non-covalent interactions involving side chains of the dipeptide differ significantly, leading to a small change in molecular conformation in the monoclinic form as well as a small reorientation of the molecules along the ac plane. A rigid-body thermal motion analysis (translation, libration, screw; correlation of translation and libration) was performed to study the crystal entropy. The reversible nature of the phase transition is probably the result of an interplay between enthalpy and entropy: the low-temperature monoclinic form is enthalpically favored, whereas the room-temperature orthorhombic form is entropically favored.

DNA Assisted Self-Assembly of PAMAM Dendrimers

We report DNA assisted self-assembly of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers using all atom Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations and present a molecular level picture of a DNA-linked PAMAM dendrimer nanocluster, which was first experimentally reported by Choi et al. (Nano Lett., 2004, 4, 391-397). We have used single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to direct the self-assembly process. To explore the effect of pH on this mechanism, we have used both the protonated (low pH) and nonprotonated (high pH) dendrimers. In all cases studied here, we observe that the DNA strand on one dendrimer unit drives self-assembly as it binds to the complementary DNA strand present on the other dendrimer unit, leading to the formation of a DNA-linked dendrimer dimeric complex. However, this binding process strongly depends on the charge of the dendrimer and length of the ssDNA. We observe that the complex with a nonprotonated dendrimer can maintain a DNA length dependent inter-dendrimer distance. In contrast, for complexes with a protonated dendrimer, the inter-dendrimer distance is independent of the DNA length. We attribute this observation to the electrostatic complexation of a negatively charged DNA strand with the positively charged protonated dendrimer.

Local Structural and Environmental Factors Define the Efficiency of an RNA Pseudoknot Involved in Programmed Ribosomal Frameshift Process

In programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift, an RNA pseudoknot stalls the ribosome at specific sequence and restarts translation in a new reading frame. A precise understanding of structural characteristics of these pseudoknots and their PRF inducing ability has not been clear to date. To investigate this phenomenon, we have studied various structural aspects of a -1 PRF inducing RNA pseudoknot from BWYV using extensive molecular dynamics simulations. A set of functional and poorly functional forms, for which previous mutational data were available, were chosen for analysis. These structures differ from each other by either single base substitutions or base-pair replacements from the native structure. We have rationalized how certain mutations in RNA pseudoknot affect its function; e.g., a specific base substitution in loop 2 stabilizes the junction geometry by forming multiple noncanonical hydrogen bonds, leading to a highly rigid structure that could effectively resist ribosome-induced unfolding, thereby increasing efficiency. While, a CG to AU pair substitution in stem 1 leads to loss of noncanonical hydrogen bonds between stems and loop, resulting in a less stable structure and reduced PRF inducing ability, inversion of a pair in stem 2 alters specific base-pair geometry that might be required in ribosomal recognition of nucleobase groups, negatively affecting pseudoknot functioning. These observations illustrate that the ability of an RNA pseudoknot to induce -1 PRF with an optimal rate depends on several independent factors that contribute to either the local conformational variability or geometry

Transverse orthotropic elastic moduli of bundled coated thin elliptical tubes

Light weight structures with tailored mechanical properties have evolved beyond regular hexagonal/circular honeycomb topology. For applications which demand anisotropic mechanical properties, elliptical-celled structures offer interesting features. This paper characterizes the anisotropic in-plane elastic response of coated thin elliptical tubes in different array patterns viz, close-packed, diagonal and rectangular patterns under compression. This paper also extends earlier works on elliptical close-packed structure to a more general case of coated tubes. Theoretical framework using thin ring theory provides formulae in terms of geometric and material parameters. These are compared with a series of FE simulations using contact elements. The FE results are presented as graphs to aid in design. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.