An interpreter for slips-An applicative language based on LAMBDA-Calculus

An applicative language based on the LAMBDA-Calculus is presented. The language, SLIPS (Small Language for Instruction Purposes), is described using the LAMBDA-Calculus as a metalanguage. A call-by-need mechanism of function invocation eliminates the drawbacks of both call-by-name and call-by-value. The system has been implemented in PASCAL.

Phage lambda beta protein, a component of general recombination, is associated with host ribosomal S1 protein

We have purified phage lambda beta protein produced by a recombinant plasmid carrying bet gene and confirm that it forms a complex with a protein of relative molecular mass 70 kDa. Therefore, beta protein, a component of general genetic recombination, is associated with two functionally diverse complexes; one containing exonuclease and the other 70 kDa protein. Using a number of independent methods, we show that 70 kDa protein is the ribosomal S1 protein of E. coli. Further, the association of 70 kDa protein with beta protein is biologically significant, as the former inhibits joining of the terminal ends of lambda chromosome and renaturation of complementary single stranded DNA promoted by the latter. More importantly, these findings initiate an understanding of an important mode of host- virus interaction in general with specific implication(s) in homologous genetic recombination.

Formation of linear plasmid multimers promoted by the phage lambda Red-system in lon mutants of Escherichia coli

We report here the formation of plasmid linear multimers promoted by the Red-system of phage lambda using a multicopy plasmid comprised of lambda red alpha and red beta genes, under the control of the lambda cI857 repressor. Our observations have revealed that the multimerization of plasmid DNA is dependent on the red beta and recA genes, suggesting a concerted role for these functions in the formation of plasmid multimers. The formation of multimers occurred in a recBCD+ sbcB+ xthA+ lon genetic background at a higher frequency than in the isogenic lon+ host cells. The multimers comprised tandem repeats of monomer plasmid DNA. Treatment of purified plasmid DNA with exonuclease III revealed the presence of free double-chain ends in the molecules. Determination of the size of multimeric DNA, by pulse field gel electrophoresis, revealed that the bulk of the DNA was in the range 50-240 kb, representing approximately 5-24 unit lengths of monomeric plasmid DNA. We provide a conceptual framework for Red-system-promoted formation and enhanced accumulation of plasmid linear multimers in lon mutants of E. coli.

The homologous recombination system of phage lambda. Pairing activities of beta protein

The red genes of phage lambda specify two proteins, exonuclease and beta protein, which are essential for its general genetic recombination in recA- cells. These proteins seem to occur in vivo as an equimolar complex. In addition, beta protein forms a complex with another polypeptide, probably of phage origin, of Mr 70,000. The 70-kDa protein appears to be neither a precursor nor an aggregated form of either exonuclease or beta protein, since antibodies directed against the latter two proteins failed to react with 70-kDa protein on Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis. beta protein promotes Mg2+-dependent renaturation of complementary strands (Kmiec, E., and Holloman, W. K. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 12636-12639). To look for other pairing activities of beta protein, we developed methods of purification to free it of associated exonuclease. Exonuclease-free beta protein appeared unable to cause the pairing of a single strand with duplex DNA; however, like Escherichia coli single strand binding protein (SSB), beta protein stimulated formation of joint molecules by recA protein from linear duplex DNA and homologous circular single strands. Like recA protein, but unlike SSB, beta protein promoted the joining of the complementary single-stranded ends of phage lambda DNA. beta protein specifically protected single-stranded DNA from digestion by pancreatic DNase. The half-time for renaturation catalyzed by beta protein was independent of DNA concentration, unlike renaturation promoted by SSB and spontaneous renaturation, which are second order reactions. Thus, beta protein resembles recA protein in its ability to bring single-stranded DNA molecules together and resembles SSB in its ability to reduce secondary structure in single-stranded DNA.

Syntheses and structural studies of new bicyclic 1,3-diphenyl-1,3,2.lambda.3,4.lambda.3-diazadiphosphetidines

Reactions of cis-[(C6H5N)PC1]z(1 ) with the difunctional reagents HO(CH2)20H,H (CH3)N(CHz)zN(CH3)HH, (CH3)N(CH& OH, and HO(CHz)30Hi n the presence of triethylamine yield the new bicyclic 1,3,2X3,4h3-diazadiphosphetidines[( C6H5- N)PIZ[-O(CHZ)Zo-l (2), [(C6H5N)PlZ[-(CH3)N(CHZ)ZN(CH3)-l (319 [(C6H~N)PlZ~-(CH3)N(cHZ)20 (4), and [(C6H5 N)P],[-Q(CH2),0-] (5), respectively. The products have been characterized by elemental analyses and IR and NMR spectroscopic data. The structures of 4 and 5 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Crystal data for 4: monoclinic, P2,/c, a = 9.823 (2) A, b = 8.608 (1) A, c = 18.423 (3) A, i3 = 90.55 (1)O, Z = 4. Crystal data for 5 monoclinic, P2,/c, a = 9.727 (2) A, b = 8.064 (2) A, c = 19.702 (4) A, @ =I 91.31 (l)', 2 = 4. The structures have been solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.028 for 4 and R = 0.050 for 5. Compound 4 is the first example of an aminoalkoxy-l,3,2X3,4X3-diazadiphosphetidine. The PzNz ring is slightly puckered in both 4 and 5 and the puckering occurs in a manner opposite to that observed for cis-[(RN)PX],structures.

Syntheses, spectroscopy, structures, and conformations of .lambda.3-cyclotriphosphazanes: role of negative hyperconjugation

The reactions of As-chlorocyclotriphosphazane [EtNPCl], with phenols or trifluoroethanol yield the respective aryloxy- or trifluoroethoxy-containingX 3-cyclotriphosphazanes [EtNP(OR)]3 (R = C6H4Br-4 (2),C 6H5 (3C,6 H3-Mez-3,5 (4), C6H3Mez-2,6 (5), CH2CF3 (6)) as their cis-transisomericmixtures. The products have beencharacterized by IRand NMRspectroscopy. Thecrystalstructuresofboth thecis (2a) and trans(2b) isomer_softhep-bromophenoxy derivative have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystal data for 2a: triclinic, P1, a = 9.872(4) A, b = 13.438(6) A, c = 13.548(8) A, CY = 117.02(5)', 0 = 96.00(6)', y = 105.38(4)O, Z = 2, final R = 0.080. Crystal data for 2b: monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.721(6) A, b = 13.468(7) A, c = 17.882(5) A, /3 = 101.62(3)O, Z = 4, final R = 0.066. The cis isomer exhibits a chair-triaxial conformation and the trans isomer a boat-triaxial conformation. Conformational preferences of X3-cyclotriphosphazanes have been probed by both MNDO and ab initio calculations on model systems [HNPXIp (X = H, F). In addition to vicinal lone pair repulsions, negative hyperconjugative interactions involving the nitrogen lone pairs and adjacent P-X Q* orbitals are found to be important (especially when X is an electronegative substituent) in determining the conformational preferences of X3-cyclotriphosphazanes. The calculations also show that the axial - equatorial conversion at phosphorus has a large activation barrier in these systems

Reactions of palladium chloride with amino spirocyclic cyclotriphosphazenes: Isolation and Crystal Structures of Novel Mono- and Bimetallic Complexes Formed by the Hydrolysis of a .lambda.5-Diazaphospholane Ring

The reaction of the amino spirocyclic cyclotriphosphazene N3P3(NMe2)4(NHCH2CH2CH2NH) (2) with palladium chloride gives the stable chelate complex [PdCl2.2] (4). An X-ray crystallographic study reveals that one of the nitrogen atoms of the diaminoalkane moiety and an adjacent phosphazene ring nitrogen atom are bonded to the metal. An analogous reaction with the phosphazene N3P3(NMe2)4(NHCH2CH2NH) (1) gives initially a similar complex which undergoes facile hydrolysis to give the novel monometallic and bimetallic complexes [PdCl2.HN3P3(O)(NMe2)4(NHCH2CH2NH2)] (5) and [PdCl{N3P3(NMe2)4(NCH2CH2NH2)}]2(O) (6), which have been structurally characterized; in the former, an (oxophosphazadienyl)ethylenediamine is chelated to the metal whereas, in the latter, an oxobridged bis(cyclotriphosphazene) acts as a hexadentate nitrogen donor ligand in its dianionic form. Crystal data for 4 : a = 14.137(1) angstrom, b = 8.3332(5) angstrom, c = 19.205(2) angstrom, beta = 96.108(7)degrees, P2(1)/c, Z = 4, R = 0.027 with 3090 reflections (F > 5sigma(F)). Crystal data for 5 : a = 8.368(2) angstrom, b = 16.841(4) A, c = 16.092(5) angstrom, beta = 98.31(2)degrees, P2(1)/n, Z = 4, R = 0.049 with 3519 reflections (F > 5sigma(F)). Crystal data for 6 : a = 22.455(6) angstrom, b = 14.882(3) angstrom, c = 13.026(5) angstrom, 6 = 98.55(2)degrees, C2/c, Z = 4, R = 0.038 with 3023 reflections (F > 5sigma(F)).

Characterization of the DNA-binding domain of beta protein, a component of phage lambda Red-pathway by UV catalyzed cross-linking

beta protein, a key component of Red-pathway of phage lambda is necessary for its growth and general genetic recombination in recombination-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. To facilitate studies on structure-function relationships, we overexpressed beta protein and purified it to homogeneity. A chemical cross-linking reagent, glutaraldehyde, was used to stabilize the physical association of beta protein in solution. A 67-kDa band, corresponding to homodimer, was identified after separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Stoichiometric measurements indicated a site-size of 1 monomer of beta protein/5 nucleotide residues. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays suggested that beta protein formed stable nucleoprotein complexes with 36-mer, but not with 27- or 17-mer DNA. Interestingly, the interaction of beta protein with DNA and the stability of nucleoprotein complexes was dependent on the presence of MgCl2, and the binding was abolished by 250 mM NaCl. The K-d of beta protein binding to 36-mer DNA was on the order of 1.8 x 10(-6) M. Photochemical cross-linking of native beta protein or its fragments, generated by chymotrypsin, to 36-mer DNA was performed to identify its DNA-binding domain. Characterization of the cross-linked peptide disclosed that amino acids required for DNA-binding specificity resided within a 20-kDa peptide at the N-terminal end. These findings provide a basis for further understanding oi the structure and function of beta protein.

The reaction of lambda 3-cyclotriphosphazanes with tetrachloro-ortho-benzoquinone: An unusual ring contraction-rearrangement

Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-ortho-benzoquinone to lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazanes, [EtNP(OR)](3) results in an unprecedented ring contraction-rearrangement to give diazadiphosphetidines (EtN)(2)[P(OR)(O2C6Cl4)] [P(O2C6Cl4)-[N(Et)P(OR)(2)}] (R = C6H4Br-4 or C(6)H(3)Me(2)-2,6), a process indicated to be thermodynamically favourable on the basis of PM3 calculations.

Molybdenum tetracarbonyl complexes of (aryloxy) lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazanes; X-ray crystal structure of [Mo(CO)(4){EtNP(OC6H4Br-4)}(3)]

Treatment of the lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazanes, cis-{EtNP(OR)}(3) [R = C6H4Br-4 (L-1) or C6H4Br-2 (L-2)] with [Mo(CO)(4)(NBD)] (NBD = norbornadiene) yields the mononuclear complexes [Mo(CO)(4)L-1] (1) and [Mo(CO)(4)L-2] (2). which have been characterised by IR, NMR (P-31 and H-1) and FAB mass spectral data. The structure of 1 has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structural and conformational changes brought about by complexation are discussed in terms of a bonding model based on "negative hyperconjugation". (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oxidative addition of tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone to lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazanes. An unusual ring contraction-rearrangement

The lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazanes, [EtNP(OR)](3) [R = 2,6-Me2C6H3 (1), 4-BrC6H4 (2), or CH2CF3(3)], on treatment with tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (TCB) give the lambda(5)-cyclodiphosphazanes, [EtNP(O2C6Cl4)(OR)][EtNP(O2C6Cl4){N(Et)P(OR)(2)}] (5-7) by an unusual ring contraction-rearrangement. The reaction of the mixed substituent lambda(3)-cyclotriphosphazane, [(EtN)(3)P-3(OR)(2)(OR')] [R = 2,6-Me2C6H3, R' = 4-BrC6H4] (4), with TCB gives the lambda(5)-cyclodiphosphazane, [EtNP(O2C6Cl4)(OR')][EtNP(O2C6Cl4){N(Et)P(OR)(2)}] (8), in which 4-bromophenoxide resides on one of the ring phosphorus atoms. The lambda(3)-bicyclic tetraphosphapentazane, (EtN)(5)P-4(OPh)(2), on treatment with TCB undergoes a double ring contraction-rearrangement to give the lambda(5)-cyclodiphosphazane, (EtN)[(EtN)(2)P-2(O2C6Cl4)(2)(OPh)](2) (9). Variable-temperature and high-field P-31 NMR studies indicate the presence of more than one isomer in solution for the rearranged products 5-9. The solid state structure of 8 reveals a trans arrangement of the substituents with respect to the P2N2 ring in contrast to the gauche arrangement observed for 5.

Conversion between electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in a three-level lambda system

We show that it is possible to change from a subnatural electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) feature to a subnatural electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) feature in a (degenerate) three-level. system. The change is effected by turning on a second control beam counter-propagating with respect to the first beam. We observe this change in the D-2 line of Rb in a room temperature vapor cell. The observations are supported by density-matrix analysis of the complete sublevel structure including the effect of Doppler averaging, but can be understood qualitatively as arising due to the formation of N-type systems with the two control beams. Since many of the applications of EIT and EIA rely on the anomalous dispersion near the resonances, this introduces a new ability to control the sign of the dispersion. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2012

Fluctuating micro-heterogeneity in water-tert-butyl alcohol mixtures and lambda-type divergence of the mean cluster size with phase transition-like multiple anomalies

Water-tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) binary mixture exhibits a large number of thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies. These anomalies are observed at surprisingly low TBA mole fraction, with x(TBA) approximate to 0.03-0.07. We demonstrate here that the origin of the anomalies lies in the local structural changes that occur due to self-aggregation of TBA molecules. We observe a percolation transition of the TBA molecules at x(TBA) approximate to 0.05. We note that ``islands'' of TBA clusters form even below this mole fraction, while a large spanning cluster emerges above that mole fraction. At this percolation threshold, we observe a lambda-type divergence in the fluctuation of the size of the largest TBA cluster, reminiscent of a critical point. Alongside, the structure of water is also perturbed, albeit weakly, by the aggregation of TBA molecules. There is a monotonic decrease in the tetrahedral order parameter of water, while the dipole moment correlation shows a weak nonlinearity. Interestingly, water molecules themselves exhibit a reverse percolation transition at higher TBA concentration, x(TBA) approximate to 0.45, where large spanning water clusters now break-up into small clusters. This is accompanied by significant divergence of the fluctuations in the size of largest water cluster. This second transition gives rise to another set of anomalies around. Both the percolation transitions can be regarded as manifestations of Janus effect at small molecular level. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

Optical properties of an inhomogeneously broadened Lambda V-system with multiple excited states

We present a theoretical model using a density matrix approach to show the influence of multiple excited states on the optical properties of an inhomogeneously broadened Lambda V-system of the Rb-87 D2 line. These closely spaced multiple excited states cause asymmetry in absorption and dispersion profiles. We observe the reduced absorption profiles, due to dressed state interactions of the applied electromagnetic fields, which results the Mollow sideband-like transparency windows. In a room temperature vapor, we obtain a narrow enhanced absorption and steep positive dispersion at the line center when the strengths of control and pump fields are equal. Here, we show how the probe transmittance varies when it passes through the atomic medium. We also discuss the transient behavior of our system which agrees well with the corresponding absorption and dispersion profiles. This study has potential applications in controllability of group velocity, and for optical and quantum information processing.