13 resultados para QUENTAL, ANTERO DE

em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki


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The module of a quadrilateral is a positive real number which divides quadrilaterals into conformal equivalence classes. This is an introductory text to the module of a quadrilateral with some historical background and some numerical aspects. This work discusses the following topics: 1. Preliminaries 2. The module of a quadrilateral 3. The Schwarz-Christoffel Mapping 4. Symmetry properties of the module 5. Computational results 6. Other numerical methods Appendices include: Numerical evaluation of the elliptic integrals of the first kind. Matlab programs and scripts and possible topics for future research. Numerical results section covers additive quadrilaterals and the module of a quadrilateral under the movement of one of its vertex.

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The Population Register – run by the Church or the state? The problem posed by the obligation to belong to a religious community in the registration of births and deaths in Finland between 1839 and 1904 The Lutheran Church of Finland is the nation’s largest church; approximately 82 per cent of Finns were members in 2007. The Church ran an official register of its members until 1999, when the state then undertook this task. The registration of births and deaths by the Church has a long history dating back to the 17th century, when Bishop Johannes Gezelius Sr. decreed that all parish members would have to be recorded in parish registers. These registers were used to control how well parish members knew the Christian doctrine and, gradually, also if they were literate. Additionally, the Church attempted to ensure by means of the parish registers that parish members went to Holy Communion annually. Since everyone was a member of the Lutheran Church, the state also took advantage of the parish registers and used them for the purposes of tax collection and conscription. The main research theme of “The Population Register – run by the Church or the state?” goes back to these times. The actual research period covers the years of 1839–1904. At that time Finland was under Russian rule, although autonomous. In the late 19th century the press and different associations in Finland began to engage in public debate, and the country started moving from a submissive society to a civic one. The identity of the Lutheran Church also became more prominent when the Church Act and the General Synod were realised in 1869. A few years earlier, municipal and parish administrations had been separated, but the general registration of births and deaths was left to the Church to see to. In compliance with the constitution of the country, all the inhabitants in principle still had to be Lutheran. In practice, the situation was different. The religious and ideological realms diversified, and the Lutheran concept of religion was no longer acceptable to everyone. The conflict was reflected in the registration of births and deaths, which was linked to the Lutheran Church and its parish registers. Nobody was allowed to leave the Church, there was no civil register, and the Lutheran Church did not consent to record unbaptized children in the parish registers. Therefore such children were left without civil rights. Thus the obligation to belong to a religious community had become a problem in the registration of births and deaths. The Lutheran clergy also appealed to the 1723 privileges, according to which they had been exempted from the drawing up of additional population registers. In 1889 Finland passed the Dissenters Act. By virtue of this act the Baptists and the Methodists left the state Church, but this was not the case with the members of the free churches. The freethinkers had to retain their church membership, as the law did not apply to them. This meant that the unbaptized children of the members of the free churches or those of freethinkers were still not entered in any registers. The children were not able to go to school, work for the state or legally marry. Neither were they able to inherit property, as they did not legally exist. The system of parish registers was created when everyone was required to be a member of the Lutheran Church, but it did not work when liberal attitudes eventually penetrated the sphere of religion, too. The government´s measures to solve the problem were slow and cautious, partly because Finland was part of Russia, partly because there were only about 100 unbaptized children. As the problem group was small and the state´s resources were limited, no general civil register was established. The state accepted the fact that in spite of the problems, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the congregations of dissenters were the only official establishments to run populations registers in the country, and for social purposes, too. In 1900 the Diet of Finland finally approved a limited civil register, which unbaptized children and unregistered foreigners would be recorded in. Due to political reasons the civil register did not come into existence until 1917, after the actual research period.

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We report the first measurement of the cross section for Z boson pair production at a hadron collider. This result is based on a data sample corresponding to 1.9 fb-1 of integrated luminosity from ppbar collisions at sqrt{s} = 1.96 TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. In the llll channel, we observe three ZZ candidates with an expected background of 0.096^{+0.092}_{-0.063} events. In the llnunu channel, we use a leading-order calculation of the relative ZZ and WW event probabilities to discriminate between signal and background. In the combination of llll and llnunu channels, we observe an excess of events with a probability of $5.1\times 10^{-6}$ to be due to the expected background. This corresponds to a significance of 4.4 standard deviations. The measured cross section is sigma(ppbar -> ZZ) = 1.4^{+0.7}_{-0.6} (stat.+syst.) pb, consistent with the standard model expectation.

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We report a measurement of the single top quark production cross section in 2.2 ~fb-1 of p-pbar collision data collected by the Collider Detector at Fermilab at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV. Candidate events are classified as signal-like by three parallel analyses which use likelihood, matrix element, and neural network discriminants. These results are combined in order to improve the sensitivity. We observe a signal consistent with the standard model prediction, but inconsistent with the background-only model by 3.7 standard deviations with a median expected sensitivity of 4.9 standard deviations. We measure a cross section of 2.2 +0.7 -0.6(stat+sys) pb, extract the CKM matrix element value |V_{tb}|=0.88 +0.13 -0.12 (stat+sys) +- 0.07(theory), and set the limit |V_{tb}|>0.66 at the 95% C.L.

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We search for b→sμ+μ- transitions in B meson (B+, B0, or Bs0) decays with 924  pb-1 of pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96  TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. We find excesses with significances of 4.5, 2.9, and 2.4 standard deviations in the B+→μ+μ-K+, B0→μ+μ-K*(892)0, and Bs0→μ+μ-ϕ decay modes, respectively. Using B→J/ψh (h=K+, K*(892)0, ϕ) decays as normalization channels, we report branching fractions for the previously observed B+ and B0 decays, B(B+→μ+μ-K+)=(0.59±0.15±0.04)×10-6, and B(B0→μ+μ-K*(892)0)=(0.81±0.30±0.10)×10-6, where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. We set an upper limit on the relative branching fraction B(Bs0→μ+μ-ϕ)/B(Bs0→J/ψϕ)<2.6(2.3)×10-3 at the 95(90)% confidence level, which is the most stringent to date.

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Vuosituhannen vaihteessa on länsimaissa esitetty vahvoja väitteitä työn järjestämisessä tapahtuneista muutoksista. Väitteiden mukaan perinteiset erojen kategoriat, kuten jako miesten ja naisten tehtäviin tai ruumiilliseen ja henkiseen työhön ovat menettäneet perustaansa tilanteessa, jossa kaikesta työstä on tullut enemmän tai vähemmän samaa: palvelusten tuottamista, sosiaalisten suhteiden järjestelyä, vuorovaikutusta ja organisointia, ilman konkreettisia ja materiaalisia tekijän persoonasta erotettavissa olevia työn lopputuotteita. Tutkielmassa työn järjestämistä tarkastellaan diskursiivisesta näkökulmasta. Diskurssit ymmärretään vakiintuneina kielenkäytön tapoina, jotka konstruoivat todellisuutta ja tarjoavat yksilöille vaihtoehtoisia subjektipositioita (Davies & Harré 1990; Burr 1995). Tutkielmassa esitetään, että ”vanhat” työn järjestämisen diskurssit tuottivat henkisen ja ruumiillisen työn välille järjestelmällisen erottelun. ”Uudemmat” diskurssit tarjoavat vaihtoehdon tälle kahtiajaolle yhtäältä määrittelemällä itseohjautuvuuden ja älyllisyyden kaiken työn yhtäläiseksi vaatimukseksi sekä toisaalta edellyttämällä työntekijöiltä ominaisuuksia, jotka eivät ole yksiselitteisen henkisiä eivätkä ruumiillisia. Kielenkäytön tavat ovat kuitenkin riippuvaisia niitä ylläpitävästä toiminnasta. Tutkielmassa empiirisen näytteen työtä järjestävästä toiminnasta tarjoavat Pyhtään kunnan asukkailta vuosina 1982, 1993 ja 2007 kerätyt lomakehaastattelut. Symbolisen interaktionismin (Hughes 1984a–1984e) ja sosiaalisen konstruktionismin (Berger & Luckmann 1994) näkökulmasta tutkielmassa kysytään, miten työtä ja työnjaon erilaisia paikkoja on eri vuosien haastatteluissa määritelty, rajattu ja tehty ymmärrettäväksi. Ovatko vanhat erottelut menettämässä merkitystään työtä ja työnjakoa koskevassa puheessa? Näkökulma poikkeaa tähänastisista työn muutosta tarkastelleista surveytutkimuksista siten, että se ottaa lähtökohdakseen työntekijöiden omat selonteot työnsä vaatimuksista, työtään määrittävistä hyveistä sekä selonteoissa tuotettavan ”moraalisen työnjaon”. 1900-luvun historiassa henkisen ja ruumiillisen työn erottelua on institutionalisoitu esimies–alainen-erottelun lisäksi toimihenkilö–työntekijä-erotteluksi. Työn muutosta koskevasta keskustelusta huolimatta nämä erottelut uusinnettiin myös vuoden 2007 haastatteluissa – jopa johdonmukaisemmin kuin vuosina 1982 ja 1993. Lisäksi henkisen ja ruumiillisen työn kategoriat olivat haastatteluissa säilyneet vahvasti toisensa poissulkevina ja kategorioiden erottelu tavanomaisena työnjaon tuottamisen tapana. Näiden erottelujen ohella työnjakoa tuotettiin haastatteluissa luovan ja suorittavan työn vastakohtaisuutena, joskin nämä jäsennykset olivat vähemmän säännönmukaisia eivätkä uusintaneet edellä mainittuja esimies–alainen- tai työntekijä–toimihenkilö-erotteluja. Vahvan pysyvyyden lisäksi aineisto tarjosi näytteen muutoksesta: Vuosina 1982 ja 1993 henkisen työn paikat olivat haastatteluissa olleet erityisesti miesten paikkoja. Vuonna 2007 myös naiset tekivät haastatteluissa näkyviksi työnsä henkisiä sisältöjä. Työn muutosta koskevan keskustelun lisäksi tutkielma osallistuu metodologiseen keskusteluun lähestyessään lomakehaastattelua toiminnallisena selontekojen tuottamisen kontekstina. Näin tehdessään tutkielma ehdottaa totutulle faktanäkökulmalle (Alasuutari 1999) vaihtoehtoista tapaa tarkastella lomakehaastattelussa tuotettua tietoa.

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Tutkielmassa tarkastelen Euroopan unionin (EU) kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden periaatetta, eli kehitysyhteistyön tavoitteiden huomioonottamista muilla politiikanaloilla. Tutkimuskohteeni on EU:n maatalous- ja kauppapoliittisten toimenpiteiden ja EU:n kehityspolitiikan yhteisvaikutus neljässä Lomén sopimuksen sokeripöytäkirjaan kuuluneessa Afrikan, Karibian ja Tyynenmeren (AKT) valtiossa: Fidzissä, Guyanassa, Malawissa ja Tansaniassa. Sokeripolitiikka avaa politiikkajohdonmukaisuuteen mielenkiintoisen näkökulman, koska siinä yhdistyvät EU:n kauppa- ja maatalouspoliittiset intressit ja koska se on ollut tärkeässä osassa EU:n ja AKT-maiden välisissä suhteissa. Sokeripöytäkirja oli keskeinen osa EU:n etuuskohtelujärjestelmää, joka piti Afrikan, Karibian ja Tyynenmeren valtiot unionin etuoikeutetuimpana kumppanimaaryhmänä. 1990-luvulla alkaneet kehityspolitiikan alueellisten ja sisällöllisten painotusten muutokset johtivat lopulta myös sokeripöytäkirjan purkamiseen. EU:n sokeripolitiikan uudistukset ovat vaikuttaneet tapausmaihin eri tavalla. EU:n aiemmasta sokeripolitiikasta hyötyneet sokeripöytäkirjamaat joutuvat jatkossa avoimeen kilpailuun toistensa ja muiden vähiten kehittyneiden maiden ja AKT-maiden kanssa. Fidzille ja Guyanalle uusi tilanne voi koitua kohtalokkaaksi, mutta Malawille ja Tansanialle markkinoillepääsyn helpottuminen avaa uusia mahdollisuuksia. EU:n sokeripolitiikasta ja kehitysyhteistyöstä muodostuva interventio tapausmaissa osoittaa, että EU on ottanut huomioon sen sokeripolitiikan aiheuttamat vaikutukset kaikissa tapausmaissa. Intervention perusteella kehitysyhteistyön instrumentteja voidaan käyttää kumoamaan muiden EU:ssa vahvempien politiikka-alojen kielteisiä vaikutuksia ja auttamaan kehitysmaita sopeutumaan uusiin olosuhteisiin. Interventio näyttäisi EU:n omaksuneen enemmän tai vähemmän johdonmukaisen lähestymistavan tapausmaita kohtaan. Lähempi tarkastelu kuitenkin osoittaa intervention edustavan johdonmukaisuutta ennemmin kauppapoliittisten tavoitteiden kuin kehitysyhteistyön tavoitteiden näkökulmasta. Päätelmieni mukaan kehityspoliittista johdonmukaisuutta voidaan tulkita osana EU:n laajempia kauppapoliittisia pyrkimyksiä. Määrittelemällä tiettyjä politiikkoja kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden periaatteen mukaiseksi, EU on voinut hakea oikeutusta pääasiassa vapaakauppaa tukeville aloitteilleen. Tutkielmassa osoitan, kuinka politiikkojen välistä kehitystä tukevaa johdonmukaisuutta voidaan arvioida ottamalla samaan aikaan huomioon sekä kehitysyhteistyön että muiden politiikanalojen vaikutukset yhden intervention osina. Valitsemani näkökulman perusteella kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden edistämisessä voitaisiin antaa enemmän vastuuta kehitysyhteistyölle ja kehityspolitiikalle.

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Road transport and infrastructure has a fundamental meaning for the developing world. Poor quality and inadequate coverage of roads, lack of maintenance operations and outdated road maps continue to hinder economic and social development in the developing countries. This thesis focuses on studying the present state of road infrastructure and its mapping in the Taita Hills, south-east Kenya. The study is included as a part of the TAITA-project by the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki. The road infrastructure of the study area is studied by remote sensing and GIS based methodology. As the principal dataset, true colour airborne digital camera data from 2004, was used to generate an aerial image mosaic of the study area. Auxiliary data includes SPOT satellite imagery from 2003, field spectrometry data of road surfaces and relevant literature. Road infrastructure characteristics are interpreted from three test sites using pixel-based supervised classification, object-oriented supervised classifications and visual interpretation. Road infrastructure of the test sites is interpreted visually from a SPOT image. Road centrelines are then extracted from the object-oriented classification results with an automatic vectorisation process. The road infrastructure of the entire image mosaic is mapped by applying the most appropriate assessed data and techniques. The spectral characteristics and reflectance of various road surfaces are considered with the acquired field spectra and relevant literature. The results are compared with the experimented road mapping methods. This study concludes that classification and extraction of roads remains a difficult task, and that the accuracy of the results is inadequate regardless of the high spatial resolution of the image mosaic used in this thesis. Visual interpretation, out of all the experimented methods in this thesis is the most straightforward, accurate and valid technique for road mapping. Certain road surfaces have similar spectral characteristics and reflectance values with other land cover and land use. This has a great influence for digital analysis techniques in particular. Road mapping is made even more complicated by rich vegetation and tree canopy, clouds, shadows, low contrast between roads and surroundings and the width of narrow roads in relation to the spatial resolution of the imagery used. The results of this thesis may be applied to road infrastructure mapping in developing countries on a more general context, although with certain limits. In particular, unclassified rural roads require updated road mapping schemas to intensify road transport possibilities and to assist in the development of the developing world.

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Embryonic midbrain and hindbrain are structures which will give rise to brain stem and cerebellum in the adult vertebrates. Brain stem contains several nuclei which are essential for the regulation of movements and behavior. They include serotonin-producing neurons, which develop in the hindbrain, and dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral midbrain. Degeneration and malfunction of these neurons leads to various neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Alzheimer s, and Parkinson s disease. Thus, understanding their development is of high interest. During embryogenesis, a local signaling center called isthmic organizer regulates the development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain. It secretes peptides belonging to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wingless/Int (Wnt) families. These factors bind to their receptors in the surrounding tissues, and activate various downstream signaling pathways which lead to alterations in gene expression. This in turn affects the various developmental processes in this region, such as proliferation, survival, patterning, and neuronal differentiation. In this study we have analyzed the role of FGFs in the development of midbrain and anterior hindbrain, by using mouse as a model organism. We show that FGF receptors cooperate to receive isthmic signals, and cell-autonomously promote cell survival, proliferation, and maintenance of neuronal progenitors. FGF signaling is required for the maintenance of Sox3 and Hes1 expression in progenitors, and Hes1 in turn suppresses the activity of proneural genes. Loss of Hes1 is correlated with increased cell cycle exit and premature neuronal differentiation. We further demonstrate that FGF8 protein forms an antero-posterior gradient in the basal lamina, and might enter the neuronal progenitors via their basal processes. We also analyze the impact of FGF signaling on the various neuronal nuclei in midbrain and hindbrain. Rostral serotonergic neurons appear to require high levels of FGF signaling in order to develop. In the absence of FGF signaling, these neurons are absent. We also show that embryonic meso-diencephalic dopaminergic domain consists of two populations in the anterior-posterior direction, and that these populations display different molecular profiles. The anterior diencephalic domain appears less dependent on isthmic FGFs, and lack several genes typical of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, such as Pitx3 and DAT. In Fgfr compound mutants, midbrain dopaminergic neurons begin to develop but soon adopt characteristics which highly resemble those of diencephalic dopaminergic precursors. Our results indicate that FGF signaling regulates patterning of these two domains cell-autonomously.