At the Limits of Presentation : Coming-into-Presence and its Aesthetic Relevance in Jean-Luc Nancy's Philosophy

This study investigates the significance of art in Jean-Luc Nancy s philosophy. I argue that the notion of art contributes to some of Nancy s central ontological ideas. Therefore, I consider art s importance in its own right whether art does have ontological significance, and if so, how one should describe this with respect to the theme of presentation. According to my central argument, with his thinking on art Nancy attempts to give one viewpoint to what is called the metaphysics of presence and to its deconstruction. On which grounds, as I propose, may one say that art is not reducible to philosophy? The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part, Presentation as a Philosophical Theme, is a historical genesis of the central concepts associated with the birth of presentation in Nancy s philosophy. I examine this from the viewpoint of the differentiation between the ontological notions of presentation and representation by concentrating on the influence of Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida, as well as of Hegel and Kant. I give an overview of the way in which being or sense for Nancy is to be described as a coming-into-presence or presentation . Therefore, being takes place in its singular plurality. I argue that Nancy redevelops Heidegger s account of being in two principal ways: first, in rethinking the ontico-ontological difference, and secondly, by striving to radicalize the Heideggerian concept of Mitsein, being-with . I equally wish to show the importance of Derrida s notion of différance and its inherence in Nancy s questioning of being that rests on the unfoundedness of existence. The second part, From Ontology to Art, draws on the importance of art and the aesthetic. If, in Nancy, the question of art touches upon its own limit as the limit of nothingness, how is art able to open its own strangeness and our exposure to this strangeness? My aim is to investigate how Nancy s thinking on art finds its place within the conceptual realm of its inherent difference and interval. My central concern is the thought of originary ungroundedness and the plurality of art and of the arts. As for the question of the difference between art and philosophy, I wish to show that what differentiates art from thought is the fact that art exposes what is obvious but not apparent, if apparent is understood in the sense of givenness. As for art s ability to deconstruct Nancy s ontological notions, I suggest that in question in art is its original heterogeneity and diversity. Art is a matter of differing art occurs singularly, as a local difference. With this in mind, I point out that in reflecting on art in terms of spacing and interval, as a thinker of difference Nancy comes closer to Derrida and his idea of différance than to the structure of Heidegger s ontological difference.

Counter-figures : An Essay on Antimetaphoric Resistance: Paul Celan's Poetry and Poetics at the Limits of Figurality

Titled "An Essay on Antimetaphoric Resistance", the dissertation investigates what is here being called "Counter-figures": a term which has in this context a certain variety of applications. Any other-than-image or other-than-figure, anything that cannot be exhausted by figuration (and that is, more or less, anything at all, except perhaps the reproducible images and figures themselves) can be considered "counter-figurative" with regard to the formation of images and figures, ideas and schemas, "any graven image, or any likeness of any thing". Singularity and radical alterity, as well as temporality and its peculiar mode of uniqueness are key issues here, and an ethical dimension is implied by, or intertwined with, the aesthetic. In terms borrowed from Paul Celan's "Meridian" speech, poetry may "allow the most idiosyncratic quality of the Other, its time, to participate in the dialogue". This connection between singularity, alterity and temporality is one of the reasons why Celan so strongly objects to the application of the traditional concept of metaphor to poetry. As Celan says, "carrying over [übertragen]" by metaphor may imply an unwillingness to "bear with [mittragen]" and to "endure [ertragen]" the poem. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first consists of five distinct prolegomena which all address the mentioned variety of applications of the term "counter-figures", and especially the rejection or critique of either metaphor (by Aristotle, for instance) or the concept of metaphor (defined by Aristotle, and sometimes deemed "anti-poetic" by both theorists and poets). Even if we restrict ourselves to the traditional rhetorico-poetical terms, we may see how, for instance, metonymy can be a counter-figure for metaphor, allegory for symbol, and irony for any single trope or for any piece of discourse at all. The limits of figurality may indeed be located at these points of intersection between different types of tropes or figures, and even between figures or tropes and the "non-figurative trope" or "pseudo-figure" called catachresis. The second part, following on from the open-ended prolegomena, concentrates on Paul Celan's poetry and poetics. According to Celan, true poetry is "essentially anti-metaphoric". I argue that inasmuch as we are willing to pay attention to the "will" of the poetic images themselves (the tropes and metaphors in a poem) to be "carried ad absurdum", as Celan invites us to do, we may find alternative ways of reading poetry and approaching its "secret of the encounter", precisely when the traditional rhetorical instruments, and especially the notion of metaphor, become inapplicable or suspicious — and even where they still seem to impose themselves.

On Random Planar Curves and Their Scaling Limits

Planar curves arise naturally as interfaces between two regions of the plane. An important part of statistical physics is the study of lattice models. This thesis is about the interfaces of 2D lattice models. The scaling limit is an infinite system limit which is taken by letting the lattice mesh decrease to zero. At criticality, the scaling limit of an interface is one of the SLE curves (Schramm-Loewner evolution), introduced by Oded Schramm. This family of random curves is parametrized by a real variable, which determines the universality class of the model. The first and the second paper of this thesis study properties of SLEs. They contain two different methods to study the whole SLE curve, which is, in fact, the most interesting object from the statistical physics point of view. These methods are applied to study two symmetries of SLE: reversibility and duality. The first paper uses an algebraic method and a representation of the Virasoro algebra to find common martingales to different processes, and that way, to confirm the symmetries for polynomial expected values of natural SLE data. In the second paper, a recursion is obtained for the same kind of expected values. The recursion is based on stationarity of the law of the whole SLE curve under a SLE induced flow. The third paper deals with one of the most central questions of the field and provides a framework of estimates for describing 2D scaling limits by SLE curves. In particular, it is shown that a weak estimate on the probability of an annulus crossing implies that a random curve arising from a statistical physics model will have scaling limits and those will be well-described by Loewner evolutions with random driving forces.

Omega-3-rasvahappojen käyttö nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa

Nivelrikko on koirilla yleinen sairaus. Sen hoitoon yleisesti käytettävien tulehduskipulääkkeiden rinnalle etsitään hoitomuotoja tulehduskipulääkkeiden pitkäaikaiskäytöstä johtuvien haittavaikutusten takia. Tutkimuksemme tavoite oli selvittää omega-3-rasvahappojen käytön hyötyä nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa. Tutkimuksen alkuhetkellä tutkimusta vastaavasta aiheesta koirilla ei ollut tehty. Ihmisillä reumatoidin artriitin hoidossa omega-3-rasvahapoilla on todettu olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia, joten siihen viitaten myös nivelrikkoisilla koirilla saattaisi olla hyötyä omega-3-rasvahappojen käytöstä. Omega-3-rasvahapoilla on todettu olevan positiivisia vaikutuksia useisiin tulehduksellisiin sairauksiin. Tutkimushypoteesimme oli, että kalaöljyä syövän ryhmän kohtisuora maksimaalinen voima askelvoimalevyllä kasvaisi ja ryhmän arvioitu kivuliaisuus laskisi tutkimuksen aikana. Tutkimamme tuote oli omega-3-rasvahapporavintolisä (Doils® Nivelet, Nutraceuticoils, Belgia). Tutkimus oli satunnaistettu, kaksoissokkoutettu ja kontrolloitu kliininen tutkimus. Tutkimukseen haettiin koiria ilmoitusten perusteella. Alkukyselyn ja seulontakäynnin perusteella tutkimuksen aloitti 77 koiraa. Seulontakäynnillä koirille tehtiin kliininen yleistutkimus, ortopedinen tutkimus, suppea neurologinen tutkimus, röntgenkuvaus, askelvoimalevymittaus sekä verinäytteenotto. Koirat kävivät varsinaisen tutkimuksen aikana kahdella lähikäynnillä. Molemmilla kerroilla koirille suoritettiin röntgenkuvausta lukuun ottamatta samat toimenpiteet kuin seulontakäynnillä. Tutkimuksen aikana omistajat täyttivät kyselykaavakkeita yhteensä seitsemän kertaa. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin nivelrikkoisten koirien kipua sekä omistajan että eläinlääkärin arvioiden avulla sekä askelvoimalevyn avulla. Arviointimenetelmistä saatuja tuloksia olivat omistajan täyttämästä kyselykaavakkeesta kipuindeksin kyselyn tulokset, liikkumisvaikeuksista kertova VAS, elämänlaadusta kertova VAS, varakipulääkkeiden käyttö, vertailevat kysymykset, omistajan arvio valmisteen tehosta ja koiran ryhmästä, eläinlääkärin arvio sekä askelvoimalevyltä saadut kaksi muuttujaa (kohtisuora maksimaalinen voima ja impulssi). Tutkimustuloksissa havaittiin omega-3-rasvahappojen käytössä nivelrikkoisten koirien hoidossa pieni hyöty. Kalaöljyryhmän ja lumeryhmän välillä ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitsevää eroa. Ryhmien sisällä havaittiin muutamia tilastollisesti merkitseviä muutoksia. Kipuindeksin muutos paremmaksi kalaöljyryhmässä tutkimuksen aikana oli vahvasti tilastollisesti merkitsevä muutos (p=0,002). Myös askelvoimalevyn kohtisuoran maksimaalisen voiman parantuminen oli vahvasti tilastollisesti merkitsevä muutos kalaöljyä syöneessä ryhmässä(p=0,001). Myös lumeryhmässä oli kipuindeksissä ja askelvoimalevyn kohtisuorassa maksimaalisessa voimassa havaittavissa tilastollisesti merkitsevä trendi (p=0,07 & p=0,059), mutta p-arvot eivät yltäneet tilastolliseen merkitsevyyteen. Suuremmalla otoskoolla näissä muuttujissa olisi voitu havaita joko tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja ryhmien välillä tai sitten olisimme voineet osoittaa molemmissa ryhmissä tapahtuneen positiivisia eli parantavia muutoksia. Tutkimuksessa ei havaittu sivuvaikutuksia kalaöljyryhmässä. Tutkimustulokset todistivat tutkimushypoteesimme heikosti todeksi. Omega-3-rasvahappoja voisi siis hyvin käyttää koirilla, joille ei sovi kipulääkkeet.