7 resultados para Morin, Martin, fl. 1499.

em Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki


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This book is a study on learning, teaching/counselling, and research on the two. My quest has been to find a pedagogically-motivated way of researching learning and teaching interaction, and in particular counselling, in an autonomous language-learning environment. I have tried to develop a method that would make room for lived experience, meaning-making and narrating, because in my view these all characterise learning encounters between language learners and counsellors, and learners and their peers. Lived experience as a source of meaning, telling and co-telling becomes especially significant when we try to listen to the diverse personal and academic voices of the past as expressed in autobiographical narratives. I have aimed at researching various ALMS dialogues (Autonomous Learning Modules, University of Helsinki Language Centre English course and programme), and autobiographical narratives within them, in a way that shows respect for the participants, and that is relevant, reflective and, most importantly, self-reflexive. My interest has been in autobiographical telling in (E)FL [(English as a) foreign language], both in students first-person written texts on their language- learning histories and in the sharing of stories between learners and a counsellor. I have turned to narrative inquiry in my quest and have written the thesis as an experiential narrative. In particular, I have studied learners and counsellors in one and the same story, as characters in one narrative, in an attempt to avoid the impression that I am telling yet another separate, anecdotal story, retrospectively. Through narrative, I have shed light on the subjective dimensions of language learning and experience, and have come closer to understanding the emotional aspects of learning encounters. I have questioned and rejected a distanced and objective approach to describing learning and teaching/counselling. I have argued for a holistic and experiential approach to (E)FL encounters in which there is a need to see emotion and cognition as intertwined, and thus to appreciate learners and counsellors emotionally-charged experiences as integral to their identities. I have also argued for a way of describing such encounters as they are situated in history, time, autobiography, and the learning context. I have turned my gaze on various constellations of lived experience: the data was collected on various occasions and in various settings during one course and consists of videotaped group sessions, individual counselling sessions between students and their group counsellor, biographic narrative interviews with myself, open-ended personally-inspired reflection texts written by the students about their language-learning histories, and student logs and diaries. I do not consider data collection an unproblematic occasion, or innocent practice, and I defend the integrity of the research process. Research writing cannot be separated from narrative field work and analysing and interpreting the data. The foci in my work have turned to be the following: 1) describing ALMS encounters and specifying their narrative aspects; 2) reconceptualising learner and teacher autonomy in ALMS and in (E)FL; 2) developing (E)FL methodologically through a teacher-researcher s identity work; 4) research writing as a dialogical narrative process, and the thesis as an experiential narrative. Identity and writing as inquiry, and the deeply narrative and autobiographical nature of the (E)FL teaching/counselling/researching have come to the fore in this research. Research writing as a relational activity and its implications for situated ways of knowing and knowledge turned out to be important foci. I have also focussed on the context-bound and local teacher knowledge and ways of knowing about being a teacher, and I have argued for personal ways of knowing about, and learning and studying foreign languages. I discuss research as auto/biography: as a practising counsellor I use my own life and (E)FL experience to understand and interpret the stories of the research participants even though I was not involved in their course work. The supposedly static binaries of learner/teacher, and also learner autonomy/teacher autonomy, are thus brought into the discussion. I have highlighted the infinite variability and ever-changing nature of learning and teaching English, but the book is also of relevance to foreign language education in general.

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The attempt to refer meaningful reality as a whole to a unifying ultimate principle - the quest for the unity of Being - was one of the basic tendencies of Western philosophy from its beginnings in ancient Greece up to Hegel's absolute idealism. However, the different trends of contemporary philosophy tend to regard such a speculative metaphysical quest for unity as obsolete. This study addresses this contemporary situation on the basis of the work of Martin Heidegger (1889-1976). Its methodological framework is Heidegger's phenomenological and hermeneutical approach to the history of philosophy. It seeks to understand, in terms of the metaphysical quest for unity, Heidegger's contrast between the first (Greek) beginning or "onset" (Anfang) of philosophy and another onset of thinking. This other onset is a possibility inherent in the contemporary situation in which, according to Heidegger, the metaphysical tradition has developed to its utmost limits and thereby come to an end. Part I is a detailed interpretation of the surviving fragments of the Poem of Parmenides of Elea (fl. c. 500 BC), an outstanding representative of the first philosophical beginning in Heidegger's sense. It is argued that the Poem is not a simple denial of apparent plurality and difference ("mortal acceptances," doxai) in favor of an extreme monism. Parmenides' point is rather to show in what sense the different instances of Being can be reduced to an absolute level of truth or evidence (aletheia), which is the unity of Being as such (to eon). What in prephilosophical human experience is accepted as being is referred to the source of its acceptability: intelligibility as such, the simple and undifferentiated presence to thinking that ultimately excludes unpresence and otherness. Part II interprets selected key texts from different stages in Heidegger's thinking in terms of the unity of Being. It argues that one aspect of Heidegger's sustained and gradually deepening philosophical quest was to think the unity of Being as singularity, as the instantaneous, context-specific, and differential unity of a temporally meaningful situation. In Being and Time (1927) Heidegger articulates the temporal situatedness of the human awareness of meaningful presence. His later work moves on to study the situational correlation between presence and the human awareness. Heidegger's "postmetaphysical" articulation seeks to show how presence becomes meaningful precisely as situated, in an event of differentiation from a multidimensional context of unpresence. In resigning itself to this irreducibly complicated and singular character of meaningful presence, philosophy also faces its own historically situated finitude. This resignation is an essential feature of Heidegger's "other onset" of thinking.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the reception of Matthew 5 in Martin Luther s sermons; in other words to investigate how Luther interprets and applies Jesus teaching of the better righteousness and the law in Mt 5. The study applies the reception-historical approach and contributes to the history of effects and the history of interpretation in New Testament exegesis. The study shows that Luther understands the better righteousness of Mt 5 as good works and fulfillment of the law. Luther s interpretation coheres with the intention of the Evangelist, even if Luther s overall concept of righteousness is foreign to Matthew. In Luther s view righteousness is twofold: The greater righteousness of Mt 5 is the second and the actual righteousness (iustitia activa), which follows the first and the foreign righteousness (iustitia passiva). The first righteousness (faith) is for Luther the work of God, while the second righteousness (good works) is co-operation between a Christian and God. In this co-operation the law, as it is taught by Jesus, is not the opposite of the gospel, but the gospel itself in the sense of Christ as an example . The task of the law is to show the dependence of a Christian on God and to help one to love and to serve one s neighbour (brothers as well as enemies) properly. The study underlines a feature in Luther s thinking that has received little attention in Lutheran theology: Luther insists on preaching the law to Christians. In his view Mt 5 is directed to all Christians and particularly to pastors, for whom Jesus here gives an example of how to preach the law. Luther believes similarly to Matthew that Jesus reveals the real meaning of Mosaic Law and confirms its validity for Christians in Mt 5. Like Matthew, Luther insists on the practicability of the commandments of Mt 5 in his view Christians fulfil the law also with joy yet his interpretation of Mt 5 attenuates the radical nature of its commandments. Luther s reception of the individual pericopes of Mt 5 is considerably generative and occasionally contradictory, which is explained by the following factors, among others: Luther receives many ideas from tradition and reads them and his own theological concepts into Matthew s Gospel. He interprets Mt 5 through his understanding of some Old Testament passages as well as Paul. Most of all, Luther s reception of Mt 5 is shaped by his own experience as a preacher, by his relation to his religious enemies, rulers and to the congregation of Wittenberg. Here Luther shares with Matthew the experience of being opposed and concern about the upright living of the believers, which in both cases also explains the polemical tone of the paraenesis.

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A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

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Pro gradu -tutkielmani tehtävänä on selvittää näkökulmia melankoliaterapiaan Martti Lutherin lohdutuskirjeissä. Lähteinä on ollut neljä lohdutuskirjettä sekä yksi kirje, joka muistuttaa sisällöltään lohdutuskirjettä. Metodina on ollut kirjeiden tyylillis-retorinen analyysi. Aihe on kiinnostava, koska Lutherin kirjeiden ja retoriikan tutkimus on ollut vähäistä verrattuna häntä koskevaan laajaan kansainväliseen tutkimukseen. Työn lähtökohtana on ollut, että yksi kirjallisuuden tärkeimmistä tehtävistä 1500-luvulla oli erilaisten melankolisten sairauksien parantaminen. Kirjallisuuden avulla voitiin torjua hengenvaarallisia melankolisia affekteja kuten epätoivoa, pelkoa, surua ja apatiaa. Lutherin lohdutuskirjeet soveltuvat hyvin melankoliaterapian tutkimiseen, koska ne on kirjoitettu lohtua tarvitseville ihmisille. Työn tutkimuskysymykset ovat: Mitä melankolian hoitokeinoja Luther mainitsee? Missä määrin Lutherin melankoliaterapia on sopusoinnussa 1500-luvulla vallinneiden hoitokäsitysten kanssa? Miten Luther hyödyntää retoriikan ja huumorin keinoja melankoliaterapiassaan? Työn teoriaosassa selvitetään 1500-luvun ihmiskäsitystä sekä teologisesta että lääketieteellisestä näkökulmasta ja esitellään ajalle tyypillisiä humoraaliopin mukaisia melankolian hoitokeinoja. Selvitetään myös retoriikan ja melankoliaterapian suhdetta toisiinsa. Analyysiosassa pääpaino on Lutherin käyttämissä retorisissa keinoissa, mutta siinä hyödynnetään myös teoriaosan havaintoja. Tutkielmassa kirjallisuustieteellinen ja teologinen näkökulma tukevat toisiaan. Kirjallisuustieteellisestä näkökulmasta lohdutuskirjeet on tutkittavissa retoriikan tarjoamien käsitteiden avulla, koska ne on kirjoitettu aikana, jolloin retoriikka oli tärkeä yliopistollinen oppiaine. Tutkielma huomioi myös aiheen teologisen näkökulman, koska ajan kieli on uskonnollisesti värittynyttä ja koska Lutherin melankoliaterapiaan kuuluu vahva hengellinen ulottuvuus. Ihmisen kyky lohduttaa rinnastuu Lutherilla Jumalan kykyyn lohduttaa ihmistä Raamatun sanan kautta. Lutherille Jumala on reetori, jonka työväline on Raamatun pyhä sana. Puhutulla ja kirjoitetulla sanalla on Lutherin melankoliaterapiassa erityisen keskeinen merkitys. Tutkielmani osoittaa, että sekä Lutherin käyttämät retoriset keinot että hänen melankoliaterapiansa ovat suuressa määrin sopusoinnussa 1500-luvun retoriikan ja lääketieteen oppien kanssa. Luther käyttää melankoliaterapiassaan laajasti apuna erilaisia retorisia keinoja kuten toistoa, variaatiota, metaforaa ja esimerkkikertomuksia. Lutherin mainitsemat hoitokeinot kuten esimerkiksi metsästys, ratsastus, syöminen ja juominen, pelien pelaaminen, leikinlasku ja ystävien kanssa seurustelu ovat sopusoinnussa ajan hoitokäsitysten kanssa. Kirjeissä esiintyy myös lääketieteellisestä ja uskonnollisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna kyseenalaisia hoitokeinoja kuten tyhjänpäiväisten juttujen kertominen ja paholaisen kiroileminen. Nämä neuvot ylittävät ajan melankoliaterapiaan kuuluvan kohtuullisuuden säännön, ja ne on ymmärrettävä niiden teologisesta merkityksestä käsin. Lutherille kohtuullisuuden säännön rikkominen on toisinaan sallittua, kun on kysymys vaikeasta paholaisen aiheuttamasta melankoliasta. Kristillinen usko näyttää Lutherille tarjoavan vapauden käyttää tiettyjä hoitokeinoja, joita vielä keskiajalla ei olisi hyväksytty. Toisinaan Luther näkee kirjeen vastaanottajaa kohdanneen vaikeuden Jumalan eikä paholaisen aikaansaannoksena. Tällaisissa tapauksissa melankolia nähdään Jumalan työnä ihmisessä, joka mahdollistaa hengellisen kääntymisen Jumalan, kaiken lohdutuksen Isän puoleen.

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Käsilläolevan tutkielman aiheena on esineellistymisen käsite. Sitä tarkastellaan yhtäältä sellaisena kuten se esitetään Georg Lukácsin (1885-1971) teoksessa Historia ja luokkatietoisuus (1923), toisaalta kuten sitä koskeva teoria on luettavissa esiin Martin Heideggerin (1889-1976) läpimurtoteoksesta Oleminen ja aika (1927). Molemmat ajattelijat pyrkivät teoksissaan rakentamaan kokonaisvaltaista tulkintaa länsimaisen ajattelun ja toiminnan taipumuksesta tulkita todellisuus esineellisenä (dinglich), so. eletystä elämästä ja toiminnasta irrallisena olioiden (Dinge) maailmana. Sekä Lukács että Heidegger pyrkivät osoittamaan, että esineellistyneen todellisuuden ontologisena perustana toimii inhimillisen praktisen toiminnan kenttä, josta käsin esineellistävät ja objektivoivat suhtautumistavat todellisuuteen voivat vasta jälkikäteisesti syntyä. Molemmille ajattelijoille esineellisyyden muodostuminen ontologiaa hallitsevaksi tulkinnaksi todellisuuden luonteesta edellyttää myös tietynlaisia sosiaalisen olemisen rakenteita. Tutkielmassa tehdään vertailevaa käsiteanalyysia Lukácsin ja Heideggerin teoreettisten diskurssien välillä. Tavoitteena on rakentaa mahdollisuutta lukea mainittuja filosofeja saman, modernille olemassaololle keskeisen ontologisen sekä eksistentiaalisen ongelman tarkastelijoina. Toisaalta vertaileva lähestymistapa pyrkii myös tuomaan esiin olennaisia ja perustavia eroja Lukácsin marxilaisen ja Heideggerin fundamentaaliontologisen orientaation välillä. Tutkielmassa pyritäänkin osoittamaan, että Heideggerin fundamentaaliontologia ei tarkastele kauppatavaran rakennetta eikä sosiaalisen vaihdon prosesseja marxilaisesta näkökulmasta riittävällä tavalla, kun taas Lukácsin teoreettinen projekti tulee edellyttäneeksi tuottavaan subjektiviteettiin pohjautuvan ontologisen perusasenteen. Tämä ontologinen positio voidaan puolestaan kritisoida hedelmällisesti heideggerilaisesta näkökulmasta. Viime kädessä tutkielma pyrkii avaamaan esineellistymisteorioiden vertailun kautta kysymyksen länsimarxilaisen materialistisen dialektiikan ja Heideggerin fenomenologisen ontologian välisestä suhteesta.