Pour une éthique du traducteur poéticien

This doctoral thesis starts with a comprehensive introduction seeking to anchor the problematics of the ethics of the poetician translator (a translator of literary and similar texts) in a theoretical framework drawing on moral philosophy. This introductory section is followed by six published papers (four journal articles and two papers from conference proceedings), forming the main body of the thesis, which progressively develop a possible application of this theoretical framework. Starting from the acknowledgement that one of the ethical stakes in translation is constructed around the relation to the foreign and to the other , the translation process is scrutinized through the prism of the philosophies of Dialogue , focusing on how the translating actors relate to their task. The central notions around which philosophies of Dialogue are built are introduced and applied to translation. The question of intersubjective relations, addressed from a philosophical perspective, is developed with the help of the works of Martin Buber, Gabriel Marcel, Emmanuel Levinas and Paul Ric ur. The introductory section presents and explicates the thought of each of these philosophers and extracts the concepts that are then developed in the articles and conference papers collected here. Each paper concentrates on the notions of one of the philosophers referred to above and places these notions in perspective with other philosophies of Dialogue. All the papers contribute to explicating the relationship between the multiple philosophical notions that address the problematics of alterity and the condition of the translator. The work as a whole leads to the idea that the task of the poetician translator is not only to translate a text properly but above all to rouse and increase the desire of linguistic communities to live together.

Talousmetafysiikan kritiikkiä

Jakke Holvas: A Critique of the Metaphysics of Economy The research problem of this dissertation is the commonly held opinion according to which everything has become a question of economy in the present day. Economy legitimates and justifies. In this study, the pattern of thinking and conceptualizing in which economy figures as the ultimate reason is called the metaphysics of economy. The defining characteristic of the metaphysics of economy is its failure to recognize non-economic rules, ethics, or ways of existence. The sources included in the study cover certain classics of philosophy (Plato, Aristotle, Friedrich Nietzsche) and sociology (Karl Marx, Max Weber, Marcel Mauss), as well as the more recent French social theory (Jean Baudrillard, Michel Foucault). The research methods used are textual analysis and evaluation of concepts by means of historical comparison. The background to the study is given by the views of historians and sociologists according to whom traditional forms have ceased to exist and the market economy become established as the western system of values. The study identifies points of transition from the traditional forms to economic values. In addition, the dissertation focuses on the modern non-economic forms. The study examines the economic and ethical meanings of gift in antiquity in Homer, Plato, and Aristotle. Following Marcel Mauss, the study analyzes the forms and principles of gift exchange. The study also applies Nietzsche’s philosophy to evaluate under what conditions giving a gift becomes an act of exercising power that puts its receiver into debt. The conclusion of the study is that the classics of philosophy and sociology can rightly be interpreted in terms of the metaphysics of economy, but they also offer grounds for criticizing this metaphysics, even alternatives. One such alternative is non-economic archaic ethic. The study delineates a duality between economy and non-economy as well as creating concepts which could be used in the future to critically analyze economy from a position external to the economic system of concepts.

Double-Edged Imitation : Theories and Practices of Pastiche in Literature

This study concentrates on the contested concept of pastiche in literary studies. It offers the first detailed examination of the history of the concept from its origins in the seventeenth century to the present, showing how pastiche emerged as a critical concept in interaction with the emerging conception of authorial originality and the copyright laws protecting it. One of the key results of this investigation is the contextualisation of the postmodern debate on pastiche. Even though postmodern critics often emphasise the radical novelty of pastiche, they in fact resuscitate older positions and arguments without necessarily reflecting on their historical conditions. This historical background is then used to analyse the distinction between the primarily French conception of pastiche as the imitation of style and the postmodern notion of it as the compilation of different elements. The latter s vagueness and inclusiveness detracts from its value as a critical concept. The study thus concentrates on the notion of stylistic pastiche, challenging the widespread prejudice that it is merely an indication of lack of talent. Because it is multiply based on repetition, pastiche is in fact a highly ambiguous or double-edged practice that calls into question the distinction between repetition and original, thereby undermining the received notion of individual unique authorship as a fundamental aesthetic value. Pastiche does not, however, constitute a radical upheaval of the basic assumptions on which the present institution of literature relies, since, in order to mark its difference, pastiche always refers to a source outside itself against which its difference is measured. Finally, the theoretical analysis of pastiche is applied to literary works. The pastiches written by Marcel Proust demonstrate how it can become an integral part of a writer s poetics: imitation of style is shown to provide Proust with a way of exploring the role of style as a connecting point between inner vision and reality. The pastiches of the Sherlock Holmes stories by Michael Dibdin, Nicholas Meyer and the duo Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr illustrate the functions of pastiche within a genre detective fiction that is itself fundamentally repetitive. A.S. Byatt s Possession and D.M. Thomas s Charlotte use Victorian pastiches to investigate the conditions of literary creation in the age of postmodern suspicion of creativity and individuality. The study thus argues that the concept of pastiche has valuable insights to offer to literary criticism and theory, and that literary pastiches, though often dismissed in reviews and criticism, are a particularly interesting object of study precisely because of their characteristic ambiguity.

Kriitkko Einari J. Vehmas ja moderni taide

The doctoral dissertation Critic Einari J. Vehmas and Modern Art deals with one of the central figures of the Finnish art scene and his work as an art critic, art museum curator and cultural critic. The main body of research material consists of the writings of Einari J. Vehmas (1902 1980) from 1937 to the late 1960s. Vehmas wrote art reviews for magazines, and from the year 1945 he was a regular art critic for one of the major newspapers in Finland. Vehmas was heavily inclined towards French literature and visual arts. Marcel Proust and Charles Baudelaire influenced his views on the nature of art from the late 1920s onwards. Vehmas is commonly regarded as the most influential art critic of post-war Finland. His writings have been referred to and cited in numerous research papers on Finnish 20th-century art. A lesser known aspect of his work is his position as the deputy director of the Ateneum Art Museum, the Finnish national gallery. Through his art museum work, his opinions also shaped the canon of modern art considered particularly Finnish following the second world war. The main emphasis of the dissertation is on studying Vehmas s writings, but it also illustrates the diversity of his involvement in Finnish cultural life through biographical documents. The long chronological span of the dissertation emphasises how certain central themes accumulate in Vehmas s writings. The aim of the dissertation is also to show how strongly certain philosophical and theoretical concepts from the early 20th century, specifically Wassily Kandinsky s principle of inner necessity and Henri Bergson s epistemology highlighting intuition and instinct, continued to influence the Finnish art discourse even in the early 1960s, in part thanks to the writings of Vehmas. Throughout his production, Vehmas contemplated the state and future of modern art and humanity. Vehmas used a colourful, vitalistic rhetoric to emphasise the role of modern art as a building block of culture and humanity. At the same time, however, he was a cultural pessimist whose art views became infused with anxiety, a sense of loss, and a desire to turn his back on the world.

Aikapankki - Tutkimus lahjaperustaiseen vaihtoon perustuvasta yhteisöllisyyden rakentamisesta Helsingissä

Pro gradu -tutkielmassani tutkin aikapankkijärjestelmässä tapahtuvaa palveluiden vaihtoa vertaamalla sitä lahjanvaihtoon. Tutkielmassa kuvaan kuinka Kumpulan Vaihtopiirinä toimintansa aloittaneen Stadin Aikapankin aktiiviset jäsenet kokevat toiminnan, kun se on laajennut oman asuinalueen ulkopuolelle. Aikapankin voi mieltää uudenlaiseksi vapaaehtoistyön muodoksi. Aikapankin jäsenet tuottavat toisilleen palveluita ja mittaavat näihin käytettyä aikaa aikapisteillä, jotka toimivat vaihdon välineenä. Aikapankissa kaikkien työ arvotetaan saman arvoiseksi. Tutkielman pääaineistona on kymmenen käyttäjän avohaastattelut. Näitä täydennetään vaihtotilastolla ja osallistuvan havainnoinnin menetelmällä. Tutkimusta varten on kerätty tausta-aineistoa kahdella sähköpostihaastattelulla kahdelta Ruotsissa ja Englannissa toimivien aikapankkien työntekijältä. Merkittävin tutkimusongelma liittyy aikapankin tasa-arvoisen työnarvottamiseen. Kysyn miten ja millä ehdoin aikapankin kaltainen sosiaalinen innovaatio toimii? Lisäksi kysyn, mitä ehtojen täyttymisestä seuraa? Lähestyn kysymystä Emil Durkheimin modernisaatioteoriaan ja Marcel Maussin lahjanvaihtoa käsittelevään teoreettiseen ajatteluun nojaten. Teoreettisessa keskustelussa viitataan myös Karl Polanyin Maussia tukevaan näkemykseen esimodernien vaihtokäytäntöjen ilmenemisestä markkinatalouden rakenteistamassa maailmassa. Lisäksi pohdin tutkielmassani sitä, mitä aikapankissa vaihdettavat aikapisteet tekisivät, mitä oikea raha ei tekisi paremmin. Vastaus on se, että tutkittavani eivät saisi rahalla sitä, mitä he tavoittelevat – yhteisöä. Tutkielman lopussa keskustelen myös sitä, mikä on aikapankin luomien epämarkkinataloussuhteiden taloudellinen konteksti. Kontekstiin liittyen voidaan todeta, että tutkittavat eivät pakene rahataloutta. He solmivat perinteisen yhteisöllisen siteen (perheen) mukaista (lahjaperustaista) vaihtoa lähellä asuviin ihmisiin. Tutkielmassa päädytään siihen tulokseen, että aikapankin haasteeksi ei muodostu niinkään markkinoille vieras tasapuolinen työn hinnoittelu, vaan sellaisten yhteisöllisten siteiden heikkous, joiden varaan vaihto leviäisi. Tästä syystä aikapankkia perustettaessa ratkaisevaksi muodostuu se, minkä yhteisöllisen siteen varaan vaihtosuhteet muodostuvat. Tästä syystä tutkielmassa tullaan siihen tulokseen, että aikapankkitoiminta olisi hyvä pitää paikallisena. Sosiaalipoliittisesta näkökulmasta katsottuna tutkimusaihe on merkittävä ja tuore. Aihetta tutkittu jo sosiaalipolitiikan alalla, muttei aikaisemmin Suomessa. Aikaisemman muualla tehdyn tutkimuksen tulokset ovat lähestyneet aihetta muun muassa sosiaalisen pääomaan käsitteen avulla. Tutkittavani vaihtavat myös sellaisia palveluita, joita julkinen sektori tuottaa suomessa, kuten lastenhoitoa. Taustoitan tutkimusta aikaisemmalla tutkimuskirjallisuudella ja kuvaan Suomessakin yleistynyttä vertaistuotantokeskustelua. Vertaistuotanto avaa uuden näkökulman palvelutuotantoon 1990-luvulla jalansijaa saaneiden tilaaja-tuottaja–mallien rinnalle. Tutkielman tarkoitus on tuottaa käytännönläheistä tietoa aikapankkitoiminnasta kiinnostuneille yhteisöille ja organisaatioille. Tämän lisäksi tutkimus täydentää aiempien aikapankkeja käsitelleiden tutkimusten tuloksia tarkastelemalla toiminnan ehtoja, ei ainoastaan sen seurauksia.