"Philly Joe" Jonesin Jazz-rumpukomppaus : Improvisoitu s��estys ja vuorovaikutus kappaleessa 'Blues for Philly Joe'

Tutkielma k��sittelee jazz-rumpali Joseph Rudolph Philly Joe Jonesin (1923 1985) improvisoitua s��estyst��, komppausta, ja soittajien v��lisen vuorovaikutuksen osuutta jazz-esityksen muotoutumisessa. Jazz-rumpalin soitolle on tyypillist��, ett�� kaikki toiminta on improvisoitua, kappaleen ja lajin viitekehyksen sek�� h��neen kohdistuvien odotusten raameissa tapahtuvaa luomisprosessia. Jazz-analyysi on painottunut kontekstista irrotetun improvisoinnin tutkimiseen, mutta t��ss�� ty��ss�� painopiste on ryhm��dynamiikassa. Analyysikohde on Sonny Rollinsin s��velt��m�� 12-tahtinen blues Blues for Philly Joe (1957) Rollinsin levylt�� Newk s Time (Blue Note 7243 5 76752 2 2). Rumpukomppausta tarkastellaan kolmesta n��k��kulmasta. Aluksi rumpuosuudesta pelkistet����n erityisen karsimismenetelm��n avulla komppauksen rytminen hahmo, rytmilinja. Rytmilinja-analyysin avulla vastataan tutkimuskysymykseen mink��laisilla rytmeill�� Jones komppaa, ja miten sen rytmi suhteutuu pulssiin, metriin ja muotoon n��hden. Seuraavaksi motiivianalyysista kehitetyll�� aiheiden erittely- ja variaatiomenetelm��ll�� m����ritell����n Jonesin komppausfraasien piirteet, rakenteet ja variaatiot. Lopuksi Jonesin ja solistin v��list�� vuorovaikutusta tutkitaan kartoittamalla aihelainaukset, sek�� rytmisektion sis��ist�� koordinointia rytmilinjojen avulla. Rytmilinja paljastaa Jonesin korostavan usein tiettyj�� tahdinosia tietyiss�� rakennepaikoissa eri kertauksissa. Komppaus tuo rakenteelliset taitepaikat esiin, ja samalla sen polyrytmit horjuttavat vallitsevaa 4/4-metri��. Fraasianalyysi paljastaa Jonesin komppiaiheiden k��yt��n olevan johdonmukaista, ja joillakin fraaseilla on oma t��sm��llinen funktionsa. Pitk��tkin komppifraasit perustuvat vain muutamaan hahmoon, joista t��rkeimm��t ovat kolmijakoiset polymetrit ja synkoopit. Vuorovaikutus solistin kanssa ilmenee kahdensuuntaisina aihelainauksina tai vaihtoehtoisesti kontrasteina. Rytmisektion sis��isen vuorovaikutuksen muodoista merkitt��viin on yhteisten toistuvien rytmiaiheiden, riffien, koordinoitu k��ytt��. Rytmisektion j��senet my��s hakeutuvat tietoisesti toisen soittajan rytmilinjan sis����n p����ty��kseen samoille tahdinosille. Ty��ss�� konkretisoituu s��est��misen ja vuorovaikutuksen merkitys jazz-improvisoinnin synnytt��j��n��. Tutkimuskohde ei olisi voinut tulla lopulliseen muotoonsa ilman soittajien vuorovaikutusta. T��m��n ty��n my��t�� nousee tarve tutkia rytmisektion toimintaa ja vuorovaikutuksen evoluutiota eri tyylikausina.

Expected Performance of the ATLAS Experiment - Detector, Trigger and Physics

A detailed study is presented of the expected performance of the ATLAS detector. The reconstruction of tracks, leptons, photons, missing energy and jets is investigated, together with the performance of b-tagging and the trigger. The physics potential for a variety of interesting physics processes, within the Standard Model and beyond, is examined. The study comprises a series of notes based on simulations of the detector and physics processes, with particular emphasis given to the data expected from the first years of operation of the LHC at CERN.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Homogeneous Nucleation

Nucleation is the first step in a phase transition where small nuclei of the new phase start appearing in the metastable old phase, such as the appearance of small liquid clusters in a supersaturated vapor. Nucleation is important in various industrial and natural processes, including atmospheric new particle formation: between 20 % to 80 % of atmospheric particle concentration is due to nucleation. These atmospheric aerosol particles have a significant effect both on climate and human health. Different simulation methods are often applied when studying things that are difficult or even impossible to measure, or when trying to distinguish between the merits of various theoretical approaches. Such simulation methods include, among others, molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations. In this work molecular dynamics simulations of the homogeneous nucleation of Lennard-Jones argon have been performed. Homogeneous means that the nucleation does not occur on a pre-existing surface. The simulations include runs where the starting configuration is a supersaturated vapor and the nucleation event is observed during the simulation (direct simulations), as well as simulations of a cluster in equilibrium with a surrounding vapor (indirect simulations). The latter type are a necessity when the conditions prevent the occurrence of a nucleation event in a reasonable timeframe in the direct simulations. The effect of various temperature control schemes on the nucleation rate (the rate of appearance of clusters that are equally able to grow to macroscopic sizes and to evaporate) was studied and found to be relatively small. The method to extract the nucleation rate was also found to be of minor importance. The cluster sizes from direct and indirect simulations were used in conjunction with the nucleation theorem to calculate formation free energies for the clusters in the indirect simulations. The results agreed with density functional theory, but were higher than values from Monte Carlo simulations. The formation energies were also used to calculate surface tension for the clusters. The sizes of the clusters in the direct and indirect simulations were compared, showing that the direct simulation clusters have more atoms between the liquid-like core of the cluster and the surrounding vapor. Finally, the performance of various nucleation theories in predicting simulated nucleation rates was investigated, and the results among other things highlighted once again the inadequacy of the classical nucleation theory that is commonly employed in nucleation studies.

Detecting Earnings Management Using Neural Networks

Detecting Earnings Management Using Neural Networks. Trying to balance between relevant and reliable accounting data, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) allow, to some extent, the company management to use their judgment and to make subjective assessments when preparing financial statements. The opportunistic use of the discretion in financial reporting is called earnings management. There have been a considerable number of suggestions of methods for detecting accrual based earnings management. A majority of these methods are based on linear regression. The problem with using linear regression is that a linear relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables must be assumed. However, previous research has shown that the relationship between accruals and some of the explanatory variables, such as company performance, is non-linear. An alternative to linear regression, which can handle non-linear relationships, is neural networks. The type of neural network used in this study is the feed-forward back-propagation neural network. Three neural network-based models are compared with four commonly used linear regression-based earnings management detection models. All seven models are based on the earnings management detection model presented by Jones (1991). The performance of the models is assessed in three steps. First, a random data set of companies is used. Second, the discretionary accruals from the random data set are ranked according to six different variables. The discretionary accruals in the highest and lowest quartiles for these six variables are then compared. Third, a data set containing simulated earnings management is used. Both expense and revenue manipulation ranging between -5% and 5% of lagged total assets is simulated. Furthermore, two neural network-based models and two linear regression-based models are used with a data set containing financial statement data from 110 failed companies. Overall, the results show that the linear regression-based models, except for the model using a piecewise linear approach, produce biased estimates of discretionary accruals. The neural network-based model with the original Jones model variables and the neural network-based model augmented with ROA as an independent variable, however, perform well in all three steps. Especially in the second step, where the highest and lowest quartiles of ranked discretionary accruals are examined, the neural network-based model augmented with ROA as an independent variable outperforms the other models.

Moraaliuskomusten kontekstualistinen oikeuttaminen

Tutkielmani aihealue on kognitivistisen metaetiikan alaan lukeutuva moraaliepistemologia, jossa k��sitell����n moraaliin liittyvi�� tietoteoreettisia kysymyksi��. Olen keskittynyt Mark Timmonsin kontekstualistiseen moraaliepistemologiaan, joka on tuore moraaliuskomusten oikeuttamisen teoria. Tarkoituksenani on esitt���� arvio t��m��n teorian uskottavuudesta tarkastelemalla sit�� kohtaan esitettyj�� kriittisi�� n��kemyksi��. Tutkielman keskeisin l��hde on Timmonsin Morality without Foundations: A Defense of Ethical Contextualism (1999). Friderik Klampfer, Karen Jones ja Walter Sinnott-Armstrong toimivat k��sittelem��ni kritiikin l��htein��. Timmonsin l��ht��kohtana moraaliepistemologiansa kehitt��misess�� on antiskeptisistinen oletus, jonka mukaan tavalliset moraaliuskomuksemme ovat oikeutettuja. Perinteiset uskomusten oikeuttamisen teoriat, kuten fundamentalismi ja koherentismi, asettavat h��nen mukaansa tyypillisesti liian suuria vaatimuksia ollakseen yhteensopivia t��m��n oletuksen kanssa. Timmons hy��dynt���� teoriassaan kontekstiherkkyyden ajatusta esitt��ess����n, ett�� uskomusten oikeutuksen arvioinnissa k��ytt��m��mme episteemiset normit voivat olla eri vahvuisia erilaisissa konteksteissa. N��in ollen voimme pit���� tavallisia moraaliuskomuksiamme oikeutettuina tavallisessa arkikontekstissa, mutta kuitenkin ottaa uskomusten oikeutusta kohtaan esitetyt skeptisistiset haasteet vakavasti, kun olemme filosofisen keskustelun kontekstissa. Keskeinen haaste oikeutusteorialle on oikeuttamisen regression ongelma, eli kysymys siit��, miten toisiaan oikeuttavien uskomusten muodostama ketju voi rakentua niin, ett�� oikeuttaminen on mahdollista. Timmonsin malli, jota h��n kutsuu rakenteelliseksi kontekstualismiksi, esitt����, ett�� oikeutuksen ketju voi p����tty�� kontekstuaalisiin perususkomuksiin. Perususkomukset eiv��t tarvitse arkikonteksteissa erillist�� oikeutusta, mutta ne voivat oikeuttaa toisia uskomuksia. Perususkomusten hyv��ksytt��vyyden arviointiin Timmons ehdottaa episteemisen vastuullisuuden normia, joka edellytt���� kaikkien relevanttien vastamahdollisuuksien tarkistamista. Moraalidiskurssissa perususkomuksina toimivat yleist��v��t moraaliperiaatteet. Kontekstualistinen moraaliepistemologia ei tarkasteluni perusteella kest�� esille ottamaani kritiikki��. Teorian kohtaamille ongelmille on laajasti ilmaistuna kaksi perustavaa syyt��. Ensinn��kin se, ett�� teorian tarkoituksena on olla uskottava sek�� moraaliepistemologisten k��yt��nt��jemme kuvauksena ett�� normina, johtaa vaikeasti ratkaistavaan j��nnitteeseen. Arkikontekstissa hy��dynnett��v��t heikot ja yhteis��n roolia korostavat standardit sallivat yleisesti vastustettavina pidett��vi�� uskomuksia ja k��yt��nt��j��. T��m��n vuoksi teoriaa ei voi pit���� uskottavasti normatiivisena. Toinen ongelmien l��hde on episteemisen arvioinnin ep��m����r��inen luonne. Kontekstualistin on annettava perusteet kulloinkin relevanttien vastamahdollisuuksien ja n��k��kulman m����ritt��miselle, jotta h��n voisi arvioida uskomusten oikeutettuutta. Aidosti relevanttien tekij��iden m����ritt��minen vaikuttaa kuitenkin mahdottomalta ilman mielivaltaisia rajanvetoja. N��in ollen kontekstualistinen moraaliepistemologia ei toimi uskomusten oikeutettuuden arvioinnissa.

An Analysis of the Concept of Citizenship: Legal, Political and Social Dimensions

The thesis aims at analyzing concept of citizenship in political philosophy. The concept of citizenship is a complex one: it does not have a definitive explication, but it nevertheless is a very important category in contemporary world. Citizenship is a powerful ideal, and often the way a person is treated depends on whether he or she has the status of a citizen. Citizenship includes protection of a person���s rights both at home and abroad. It entails legal, political and social dimension: the legal status as a full member of society, the recognition of that status by fellow citizens and acting as a member of society. The thesis discusses these three dimensions. Its objective is to show how all of them, despite being insufficient in some aspects, reach something important about the concept. The main sources of the thesis are Civic Republicanism by Iseult Honohan (Routledge 2002), Republicanism by Philip Pettit (Clarendon Press 1997), and Taking Rights Seriously by Ronald Dworkin (1997). In addition, the historical part of the thesis relies mainly on the works of Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Adam Smith, Quentin Skinner, James Pocock and James Tully. The writings of Will Kymlicka, John Rawls, Chantal Mouffe, and Shane Phelan are referred to in the presentation and critique of the liberal tradition of thought. Hannah Arendt and Seyla Benhabib���s analysis of Arendt���s philosophy both address the problematic relations between human rights and nation-states as the main guarantors of rights. The chapter on group rights relies on Peter Jones��� account of corporate and collective rights, after which I continue to Seumas Miller���s essay on the (liberal) account of group rights and their relation to the concept of citizenship. Republicanism and Political Theory (2002) edited by C��cile Laborde and John Maynor is also references. David Miller and Maurizio Viroli represent the more ���rooted��� version of republicanism. The thesis argues that the full concept of citizenship should be seen as containing legal, political and social dimensions. The concept can be viewed from all of these three angles. The first means that citizenship is connected with certain rights, like the right to vote or stand for election, the right to property and so on. In most societies, the law guarantees these rights to every citizen. Then there is also the social dimension, which can be said to be as important as the legal one: the recognition of equality and identities of others. Finally, there is the political dimension, meaning the importance of citizens��� participation in the society, which is discussed in connection with the contemporary account of republicanism. All these issues are discussed from the point of view of groups demanding for group-specific rights and equal recognition. The challenge with these three aspects of citizenship is, however, that they are difficult to discuss under one heading. Different theories or discourses of citizenship each approach the subject from different starting points, which make reconciling them sometimes hard. The fundamental questions theories try to answer may differ radically depending on the theory. Nevertheless, in order to get the whole image of what the citizenship discourses are about all the aspects deserve to be taken into account.