Hautamuistomerkki el��m��n ja kuoleman tulkitsijana : Heikki H��iv��ojan, Kain Tapperin ja Matti Peltokankaan tekem��t hautamuistomerkit 1952-2002

Grave sculpture as interpreter of life and death. Grave sculptures done by Heikki H��iv��oja, Kain Tapper and Matti Peltokangas 1952-2002. The thoughts of Philippe Ari��s and Erwin Panofsky on western funeral art constitute the starting point of this study. These scholars speak about the 20th century as a period of decline regarding western funeral art. The reason for this situation lies, according to them, in the fact that death has been rejected and become a private affair in modern society. Especially Panofsky sees an important reason for the decay of funeral art also in the separation of death from religion. In this study, I approach the view of Ari��s and Panofsky from the angle of Finnish funeral art. The subject of the study is grave sculptures of three Finnish sculptors: Heikki H��iv��oja, Kain Tapper and Matti Peltokangas, from 1952 to 2002. (The analysis of the grave sculptures has been performed with the Iconology of Erwin Panofsky. The analysis has been deepened by the ideas of a graveyard as a semiotic text according to Werner Enninger and Christa Schwens. In order to confirm their argumentation, they analyse the graveyard text with the model of communicative functions of Roman Jakobson and verify that the graveyard is a cultural text according to Juri Lotman.) Results of the study In the grave sculptures of the sculptors, different worldviews appear alongside Christian thoughts indicating a new stage in the tradition of funeral art. In the grave sculptures characterised as Christian, the view of life after death is included. In these memorials the direction of life is prospective, pointing to the life beyond. Death is a border, beyond which one is unable to see. Nevertheless the border is open or marked by the cross. On this open border, death is absence of pain, glory and new unity. In memorials with different worldviews, the life beyond is a possibility which is not excluded. Memorials interpret life retrospectively; life is a precious memory which wakens grief and longing. Many memorials have metaphysical and mystic features. In spite of democratization the order and valuation of social classes appear in some memorials. The old order also materializes in the war memorials relating the same destiny of the deceased. Different burial places, nevertheless, do not indicate social inequality but are rather signs of diversity. The sculptors' abstract means of modern funeral art deepen the handling of the subject matter of death and reveal the mystery of it. Grave sculptures are a part of Finnish and sacral modern art, and there is an interaction between funeral art and modern art. Modern art acquires a new dimension, when grave sculptures become a part of its field. Grave sculptures offer an alternative to anonymous burying. The memorial is a sign of the end of life; it gives death significance and publicity and creates a relation to the past of the society. In this way, grave sculptures are a part of the chain of memory of the western funeral art, which extends throughout Antiquity until ancient Egypt. (In this study I have spoken of funeral art as a chain of memory using the thoughts of Dani��le Hervieu-L��ger.) There are no signs of decay in the grave sculptures, on the contrary the tradition of funeral art continues in them as a search for the meaning of life and death and as an intuitive interpretation of death. As such, grave sculptures are part of the Finnish discussion of death.

La modernizaci��n entre cafetales : San José, Costa Rica, 1880-1930

This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.

Measuring attitudes in translation: a study of Nokia business reports

Background Contemporary Finnish, spoken and written, reveals loanwords or foreignisms in the form of hybrids: a mixture of Finnish and foreign syllables (alumiinivalua). Sometimes loanwords are inserted into the Finnish sentence in their raw form just as they are found in the source language (pulp, after sales palvelu). Again, sometimes loanwords are calques, which appear Finnish but are spelled and pronounced in an altogether foreign manner (Protomanageri, Promenadi kampuksella). Research Questions What role does Finnish business translation play in the migration of foreignisms into Finnish if we consider translation "as a construct of solutions determined by the ideological constraints and conflicts characterizing the target culture" (Robyns 1992: 212)? What attitudes do the Finns display toward the presence of foreignisms in their language? What socio-economic or ideological conditions (Bassnett 1994: 321) are responsible for these attitudes? Are these conditions dynamic? What tools can be used to measure such attitudes? This dissertation set out to answer these and similar questions. Attitudes are imperialist (where otherness is both denied and transformed), defensive (where otherness is acknowledged, transformed, and vilified), transdiscursive (a neutral attitude to both otherness and transformation), or finally defective (where alien migration is acknowledged and "stimulated") (Robyns 1994: 60). Methodology The research method follows Rose's schema (1984: 8): (a) take an existing theory, (b) develop from it a proposition specific enough to be tested, (c) devise a scheme that tests this proposition, (d) carry through the scheme in practice, (e) draw up results and discuss conclusions in relation to the original theory. In other words, the method attempts an explanation of a Finnish social phenomenon based on systematic analyses of translated evidence (Lewins 1992: 4) whereby what really matters is the logical sequence that connects the empirical data to the initial research questions raised above and, ultimately to its conclusion (Yin 1984: 29). Results This research found that Finnish translators of the Nokia annual reports used a foreignism whenever possible such as komponentin instead of rakenneosa, or investoida instead of sijoittaa, and often without any apparent justification (Pryce 2003: 203-12) more than the translator's personal preference. In the old documents (minutes of meetings of the Board of Directors of Osakeyhtio H. Saastamoinen, Ltd. dated 5 July 1912-1917, a NOPSA booklet (1932), Enzo-Gutzeit-Tornator Oy document (1938), Imatra Steel Oy Annual Report 1964, and Nokia Oy Annual Report 1946), foreignisms under Haugen's (1950: 210-31) Classification #1 occurred an average of 0.6 times, while in the new documents (Nokia 1998 translated Annual Reports) they occurred an average of 6.5 times. That big difference, suggests transdiscursive and defective attitudes in Finnish society toward the other. In the 1850s, Finnish attitudes toward alien persons and cultures were hardened, intolerant and prohibitive because language politics were both nascent and emerging, and Finns adopted a defensive stance (Paloposki 2002: 102 ff) to protect their cultural and national treasures such as language and folklore. Innovation The innovation here is that no prior doctoral level research measured Finnish attitudes toward foreignisms using a business translation approach. This is the first time that Haugen's classification has been modified and applied in target language analysis. It is hoped that this method would be replicated in similar research in the future. Applications For practical applications, researchers with interest in languages, language development, language influences, language ideologies, and power structures that affect national language policies will find this thesis useful, especially the model for collecting, grouping, and analyzing foreignisms that has been demonstrated here. It is intended to document for posterity current attitudes of Finns toward the other as revealed in business translations from 1912-1964, and in 1998. This way, future language researchers would be able to explore a time-line of Finnish language development and attitudes toward the other. Communication firms may also find this research interesting. In future, could the model we adopted be used to analyze literary texts or religious texts for example? Future Trends Though business documents show transdiscursive attitudes, other segments of Finnish society may show defensive or imperialist attitudes. When the ideology of industrialization changes in the future, will Finnish attitudes toward the other change as well? Will it then be possible to use the same kind of analytical tools to measure Finnish attitudes? More broadly, will linguistic change continue in the same direction of transdiscursive attitudes, or will the change slow down or even reverse into xenophobic attitudes? Is this our model culture-specific or can it be used in the context of other cultures? Conclusion There is anger against foreignisms in Finland as newspaper publications and television broadcasts show, but research shows that a majority of Finns consider foreignisms and the languages from which they come as sources of enrichment for Finnish culture (Laitinen 2000, Eurobarometer series 41 of July 1994, 44 of Spring 1996, 50 of Autumn 1998). Ideologies of industrialization and globalization in Finland have facilitated transdiscursive tendencies. When Finland's political ideology was intolerant toward foreign influences in the 1850s because Finland was in the process of consolidating her nascent country and language, attitudes toward the importation of loanwords also became intolerant. Presently, when industrialization and globalization became the dominant ideologies, we see a shift in attitudes toward transdiscursive tendencies. Ideology is usually unseen and too often ignored by translation researchers. However, ideology reveals itself as the most powerful factor affecting language attitudes in a target culture. Key words Finnish, Business Translation, Ideology, Foreignisms, Imperialist Attitudes, Defensive Attitudes, Transdiscursive Attitudes, Defective Attitudes, the Other, Old Documents, New Documents.

Osobennosti nacional'noj ohoty na pisatelja : Literaturnaja bor'ba 2002 goda vokrug romana Vladimira Sorokina Goluboe salo

Tutkielman l��ht��kohtana on oikeusjuttu, joka Ven��j��ll�� nostettiin kirjailija Vladimir Sorokinia vastaan kes��ll�� 2002. Sorokinia ja h��nen kustantamoaan Ad Marginemia syytettiin pornografian levitt��misest�� romaanissa Goluboe salo (1999), tarkemmin sanoen sivuilla 256 262, joilla kuvataan kommunistijohtajien Stalinin ja Hru������vin homoseksuaalinen akti. Syytteen takana oli konservatiivinen, presidentti Vladimir Putinia ihannoiva nuorisoliike Idu����ie vmeste ("Yhdess��kulkijat"). Oikeusjuttu ja siihen liittyneet tapahtumat - prosessia kutsuttiin ven��l��isiss�� tiedotusv��lineiss�� yksinkertaisesti "Sorokinin jutuksi" ("delo Sorokina") - nostattivat Ven��j��ll�� laajan ja vilkkaan ns. kirjasodan kaunokirjallisuuden moraaliteht��v��st�� ja kirjailijan vastuusta/vapaudesta. Ty��ss�� selvitell����n, miksi nimenomaan kirjailija Vladimir Sorokin ja nimenomaan romaani Goluboe salo aiheuttivat skandaalin, mit�� argumentteja polemiikissa esiintyi ja miten tapahtumat heijastavat Ven��j��n yhteiskunnallista tilannetta, etenkin kaunokirjallisuuden nykyist�� asemaa. Metodologisesti tutkielma sijoittuu kirjallisuussosiologian ja reseptiotutkimuksen (vastaanottotutkimuksen) alalle. Tutkielman aineisto - 71 lehtiartikkelia - on koottu 31 ven��l��isest�� valtakunnallisesta sanoma- ja aikakauslehdest�� Integrum-tietokantaa hyv��ksik��ytt��en. "Sorokinin juttua" analysoidaan artikkeleiden valossa kolmesta n��k��kulmasta: suhteessa 1) seksuaalisuuden ja 2) kaunokirjallisuuden asemaan Ven��j��ll�� sek�� lyhyemmin suhteessa 3) muutamiin yleisyhteiskunnallisiin aspekteihin. Taustaksi selvitell����n ven��l��isen postmodernismin teoriaa ja nk. kirjallisuusinstituution toimintaa. Tutkielmassa esitet����n, ett�� skandaali kertoo osaltaan niist�� ongelmista, joiden kanssa Ven��j�� 2000-luvulla joutuu painiskelemaan. "Sorokinin juttu" laajeni pitk��lti yli perinteisen pornografiakysymyksen; kirjasodassa tuli tiedotusv��lineiss�� k��sitelty�� seksuaalisuuden ja kaunokirjallisuuden aseman lis��ksi mm. sananvapautta, tapauksen poliittisia konnotaatioita, "��lymyst��n" ja "kansan" suhdetta, neuvostomenneisyyden pimeit�� puolia sek�� Ven��j��n suhdetta l��nteen. Jupakka my��s n��htiin erinomaisena PR:n�� Sorokinille. Goluboe salo n��ytt���� joutuneen oikeusprosessin kohteeksi, koska siin�� a) tuodaan ven��l��iseen kaunokirjallisuuteen avoin ja yksityiskohtainen seksuaalisuuden ja ruumiintoimintojen kuvaus b) herjataan h��pe��m��tt��m��sti ven��l��isen kaunokirjallisuuden kanonisoituja klassikoita sek�� kritisoidaan ter��v��sti neuvostomenneisyytt��, jota Ven��j�� ei ole viel�� kyennyt tyhjent��v��sti k��sittelem����n. Skandaalissa asettuivat vastakkain ns. traditionalistinen ja postmodernistinen kirjallisuusk��sitys; edellisen mukaan kirjailijoiden tulisi kantaa yhteiskunnallinen vastuunsa, j��lkimm��inen tahtoo n��hd�� kaunokirjallisuuden itsen��isemp��n�� ilmi��n��. Tutkimuksen lopputuloksena valtaenemmist�� aineistosta n��ytt���� enemm��n tai v��hemm��n puolustavan Sorokinia - tosin ei niink����n h��nen romaaninsa kirjallisten ansioiden vuoksi (joita harvat kiittiv��t), vaan silkasta periaatteesta: sanan- ja valinnanvapautta ei tahdota n��hd�� en���� kahlittavan. Avainsanat: Sorokin - pornografia - kaunokirjallisuus - kirjallisuussosiologia - vastaanotto

Turun linna kerrottuna ja kertovana tilana

The Turku castle, founded c. 1300, has changed over the centuries from a medieval defensive structure into a Renaissance palace and from a derelict jailhouse in the late 19th century into a prime example of the Medieval built heritage in Finland. Today, it is first and foremost a monument to the Medieval and Renaissance heyday of the castle. This is apparent in the architectural forms that have been carefully restored and reconstructed. It also becomes clear in all kinds of narratives, both visual (like the set of miniatures about the different stages of the construction of the castle) and textual (as during the guided tours). For the first time in the architectural history of the Turku castle, the Medieval, the Renaissance, the Modern, and the Present as architecturally constructed or reconstructed spaces can all be visited within the same hour. As a result, the monumental Turku castle may even be deemed anachronistic or inauthentic. In this study I look at the ways in which the Turku castle is, indeed, anachronistic and inauthentic. My main objective, however, is to find ways in which the anachronisms and inauthenticities are overcome in a positive way. I base my analysis of the Turku castle on three theoretical standpoints. First, I am studying the castle as space, described by Michel de Certeau as a practiced place (de Certeau 2002). Second, I am approaching the numerous narrative aspects of the castle following Paul Ricoeur s analysis of narrative as a threefold mimetic process (Ricoeur 1990). From these two theoretical settings I have summoned the concept of narrative space. The life and work at the castle are based on expectations and understandings of the historical surroundings. My third theoretical choice is to study this applied knowledge of the place as the management of blocks of knowledge in communication (Robert de Beaugrande 1980). Combining the theoretical starting points of space and narrative , I am approaching the castle as if it were an evolving set of narratives, narrated in space but also through space. Seeing e.g. the restoration teams of the mid-20th century and the present day tour guides as creative narrators, I am looking beyond the dilemma of the anachronistic spaces. What transpires is an inter-connected web of texts and spaces, tangible and intangible narratives. My analytical key to these narrative relationships is the threefold mimetic process of pre-figuration, con-figuration, and re-figuration, inspired by the writings of Paul Ricoeur (1990). This way, the past can be seen as a pool of endless possibilities to emplot place, time, and action into a narrative space. The narratives convey images of the past that may be contested by other images, and the power to narrate in the first place can be challenged and re-distributed.

Eritteist�� etiikkaan : Nykytaiteen vaikutus taidekonservaattorin rooliin

Tutkimuksen teht��v��n�� oli selvitt����, miten suomalaisten taidekonservaattoreiden rooli on muuttunut nykytaiteen vaikutuksesta. Aiemmin taidekonservaattoreiden ty��h��n ovat kuuluneet perinteiset taideteokset, kuten esimerkiksi kankaalle maalatut ��ljymaalaukset. Nykytaide on laajentanut k��sityst�� taiteesta. L��hes mit�� tahansa kuviteltavissa olevia materiaaleja saatetaan k��ytt���� taideteoksissa. Konservaattorin yhten�� p����teht��v��n�� on perinteisesti ollut varmistaa, ett�� taideteokset s��ilyv��t museoiden kokoelmissa muuttumattomina tuleville sukupolville. Nykytaiteen yksi erityispiirre on, ett�� sen s��ilyvyys ei aina ole tarkoituksellista. Taiteilija on saattanut tehd�� teoksen tuhoutuvaksi. Taidekonservaattorin on erityisen t��rke�� tiet����, mik�� on taiteilijan alkuper��inen ajatus teoksesta, sill�� jos taidekonservaattori on ymm��rt��nyt v����rin taiteilijan intention, saattaa teoksen alkuper��inen idea muuttua. Tarkasteltavina kohteina ovat suomalaiset taidekonservaattorit, jotka ty��skentelev��t nykytaiteen parissa suomalaisissa taidemuseoissa. Nykytaiteella tarkoitetaan tutkimuksessa 1960-luvun j��lkeist�� taidetta, jossa hy��dynnet����n taiteessa aiemmin tuntemattomia materiaaleja, kuten elintarvikkeita ja muoveja. Tutkimuksen l��hteet muodostuivat suomalaisten taidekonservaattoreiden haastatteluista sek�� nykytaidetta ja taidekonservointia k��sittelev��st�� l��hdekirjallisuudesta. Tutkimuksen kohderyhm����n kuului 12 suomalaista taidekonservaattoria, joista tutkimukseen osallistui 11. Nykytaiteella n��ytt���� olleen suuri merkitys sellaisten taidekonservaattoreiden rooliin, jotka ovat aktiivisesti tekemisiss�� nykytaiteen kanssa. Erityisesti uudet materiaalit, taiteilijan intention selvitt��misen ongelmat, vuorovaikutuksen korostuminen taiteilijaan ja muihin asiantuntijoihin sek�� painopisteen siirtyminen kohti ennaltaehk��isev���� konservointia n��ytt��v��t olleen t��rkeimm��t p����kohdat konservaattoreiden roolin muutoksessa. Avainsanat: taidekonservointi, nykytaide, materiaalit

Jaksaako opettaja kehitty��? : Ammatillisen kehityksen ja t��ydennyskoulutuksen merkitys opettajien ty��ss�� jaksamisessa

The aim of this study was to investigate the connection between teachers' burn-out and professional development. In addition, the study aimed at clarifying teachers' conceptions of the significance of in-service training on work-related well-being. The theoretical starting points of the study were based on a model of burn-out (Kalimo & Toppinen1997) and a model of teachers' professional development (Niemi 1989). Present study can be seen as an independent follow-up study for a working ability project called "Uudistumisen ev����t" that was followed through in Kuopio. The study was carried out in two phases. First, the connection between teachers' burn-out and professional development was charted with the help of a quantitative survey study. 131 teachers participated in the survey. Some of them were from schools that participated in the working ability project and the remainder were from other schools in Kuopio. The questionnaire consisted of self-constructed instruments of burn-out and professional development. According to the results, burn-out and professional development were strongly correlated with each other. Burn-out was summed up in three factors: emotional exhaustion, feelings of depersonalization and low feelings of personal accomplishment. Professional development was summed up in four factors: personality and pedagogical skills, learning-orientation, social skills and confronting change. Personality and pedagogical skills and skills of confronting change were correlated strongest with burn-out and its symptoms. A teacher, who has not found his/her own personal way of acting as a teacher and who considers change as something negative, is more likely to become exhausted than a teacher, who has developed his/her own pedagogical identity and who regards change more positively. In the second phase of this study, teachers' conceptions of the significance of in-service training on well-being was investigated with the help of group interviews (n=12). According to the results, the importance of in-service training was significant on the well-being of teachers. It appeared that in-service training promotes well-being by providing teachers with motivation, professional development and the possibility of taking a break from teaching and cooperating with other teachers. It has to be based on teachers' own needs. It has to be offered to teachers frequently and early enough. If teachers are already exhausted, they will neither have enough resources to participate in training, nor will they have the strength to make good use of it in practice. Both professional development and well-being are becoming more and more essential now that society is changing rapidly and the demands set on teachers are growing. Professional development can promote well-being, but are teachers too exhausted to develop themselves? Professional development demands resources and teachers may regard it as a threat and an additional strain. When the demands are so high that teachers cannot cope with them, they are likely to suffer stress and see reduction of commitment to their work and its development as a means to survive. If teachers stop caring about their work and their own development, how can we expect them to promote pupils' learning and development? It should be considered in the planning and implementation of in-service training and in arranging teachers' working conditions, that teachers have enough time and resources to develop themselves. Keywords: Teachers, burn-out, well-being, professional development, in-service training

Mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja s����telyn yhteydet ty��uupumuksen ryhm��hoidon tuloksellisuuteen.

Ty��uupumus on kolmitahoinen stressioireyhtym��, jolle on tyypillist�� uupumusasteinen v��symys, kyynistyneisyys ja ammatillisen itsetunnon heikkeneminen. Balanssi-hanke perustettiin tutkimaan ja kehitt��m����n ryhm��hoitomuotoa vakavaan ty��uupumukseen. Projektin tavoitteena on selvitt���� kahden eri ryhm��hoitomuodon vaikuttavuutta ja sellaisia yksil����n liittyvi�� tekij��it��, joilla saattaa olla vaikutusta ryhm��hoidon tuloksellisuuteen. T��ss�� tutkimuksessa selvitettiin mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja s����telyn (Trait Meta-Mood) yhteyksi�� ty��uupumuksen laskuun ryhm��hoitojen aikana ja kuuden kuukauden pituisella seurantajaksolla. Emootioilla on useiden eri teorioiden mukaan yksil��n sopeutumista edist��v�� signaaliteht��v��. Mieliala kertoo yksil��n sis��isest�� tilasta, ja sit�� voidaan kuvata miellytt��v��n��, ep��miellytt��v��n��, kiihtyneen�� tai rauhallisena. Mielialaa voi tarkastella mielialakokemuksen tai mielialan s����telyn tasolla. Mielialan s����telyn tasolla tarkoitetaan ajatuksia mielialasta. T��ll�� reflektiivisell�� tasolla mielialaa havainnoidaan, tunnistetaan ja s����dell����n. Oletettiin, ett�� jos mieliala tunnistetaan hyvin ja mielialaa s����dell����n tehokkaasti, ty��uupumus v��henee eli ty��uupumuksen ryhm��hoito on tuloksellista. Lis��ksi tutkittiin miss�� vaiheessa mahdolliset yhteydet ilmenev��t ja eroavatko yhteydet psykoanalyyttisess�� ja toiminnallisessa hoitoryhm��ss��. Tutkimusaineisto ker��ttiin 1999-2000. Koehenkil��t (n=99) olivat 31-59-vuotiaita valtion laitosten ja valtion yritysten ty��uupumuksesta k��rsivi�� ty��ntekij��it��, miehi�� oli 24 ja naisia 75. Lis��ksi ker��ttiin ei-uupuneiden kontrolliryhm�� (n = 26, ik�� 37 - 58 vuotta), jota hy��dynnettiin t��ss�� tutkimuksessa vain uupuneiden ja ei-uupuneiden vertailuihin ennen hoidon alkua. Molempina vuosina uupuneet henkil��t satunnaistettiin toiminnallisiin ja psykoanalyyttisiin hoitoryhmiin. Ty��uupumus mitattiin 9 kuukautta kest��neen hoidon alussa, lopussa ja puoli vuotta hoidon p����ttymisen j��lkeen. Mielialan havainnointi, tunnistaminen ja s����tely mitattiin hoidon alussa, lopussa ja puoli vuotta hoidon p����ttymisen j��lkeen. Tulokset osoittivat, ett�� mielialan tunnistamisen korkea taso ja mielialan s����telyn korkea taso olivat yhteydess�� ty��uupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun koko tutkimusjakson ajan. Yhteydet olivat erilaiset eri ryhm��hoidoissa hoidon aikana ja seurantajaksolla. Hoidon aikana psykoanalyyttisess�� hoitoryhm��ss�� mielialan havainnoinnin lis����ntyminen ja mielialan s����telyn tehokkuus olivat yhteydess�� ty��uupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun. Toiminnallisessa hoitoryhm��ss�� sen sijaan mielialan tunnistamisen taito oli yhteydess�� ty��uupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun hoidon aikana. Seurantajaksolla molemmissa hoitoryhmiss�� mielialan tunnistamisen taito oli yhteydess�� ty��uupumuksen voimakkaampaan laskuun. Kontrolliryhm��ss�� ei todettu mielialan havainnoinnin, tunnistamisen ja s����telyn taitojen ja ty��uupumuksen v��henemisen v��list�� yhteytt��. Tutkimuksen tulokset antavat uutta tietoa sellaisista yksil��llisist�� tekij��ist��, joilla on ty��uupumuksen ryhm��hoitoprosessia moderoiva rooli. Mielialan hyvin tunnistaminen ja mielialan tehokas s����tely saattavat olla sellaisia ryhm��terapiassa opittuja yksil��llisi�� voimavaroja, joita ty��uupumuksesta toipumisessa tarvitaan hoidon p����ttymisen j��lkeen. Koska mielialan hyvin tunnistamisen, mielialan tehokkaan s����telyn ja ty��uupumuksen ryhm��hoidon tuloksellisuuden v��liset yhteydet todettiin molemmissa ryhm��hoitomenetelmiss��, voi olettaa, ett�� molemmat ryhm��hoitomenetelm��t ovat vakavaa ty��uupumusta v��hent��vi�� hoitomenetelmi��. Ryhm��hoidon aikana opitut mielialan tunnistamisen ja s����telyn taidot auttavat yll��pit��m����n terapian aikana alkanutta hyvinvoinnin kasvua. Avainsanat: ty��uupumus, toiminnallinen ryhm��terapia, psykoanalyyttinen ryhm��terapia, mielialan havainnointi, mielialan tunnistaminen, mielialan s����tely, ty��uupumuksen ryhm��hoidon tuloksellisuus

Jos heti lataa kaiken ja osoittaa sormella, ei ne nuoret tule mukaan. J��rjest��jen mahdollisuudet vaikuttaa nuorten ruokatottumuksiin.

Aims: The older the youngsters are, the more important role hobbies and leisure time activities have in their life. That is why various activities organized by the non-profit organizations have an important role concerning the development of food habits of youngsters. This study has three main themes. The themes and their respective study questions are: 1. The youngsters' conceptions on healthy eating and food choice: What kind of food do youngsters consider as healthy? How do they see their own eating habits from this point of view? 2. The youngsters and the significance of everyday food-related information: How do the youngsters perceive the role of different actors and these actors' role regarding their own food habits and food choice? 3. The possibilities of the organizations that work with youngsters to improve their food habits: What kind of role do the non-profit organizations have on the youngsters' food habits and healthy food choice? Methods: This study comprises of two types of data. First, a quantitative internet-based survey (N=582) was used to collect data on the 9th graders conceptions and understandings. The data was analyzed with the SPSS-program. Means, cross-tabulations, Pearson��s correlations and t-test were calculated from the data. The qualitative data was collected using interviews. The respondents were 12 experts from non-profit organizations. The interviews were analyzed with the qualitative content analysis. Results and conclusions: The non-profit organizations studied have good possibilities to communicate with youngsters through their hobbies. As part of their activities these organizations are able to influence on health-promoting lifestyle and food habits of youngsters. In order to reach more youngsters, these organizations should actively act e.g. in virtual societies of youngsters. Youngsters will participate when activities are voluntary and exhilarating. From the point of food habits doing, learning and identifying are the most important factors to engage the young. Also the models of peers and adults are important. Non-profit organizations should offer youngsters activities but these organizations should also influence on society.

Physical activity, fitness, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk factors in Finnish men and women : The National FINRISK 2002 Study

Physical inactivity, low cardiorespiratory fitness, and abdominal obesity are direct and mediating risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The results of recent studies suggest that individuals with higher levels of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness have lower CVD and all-cause mortality than those with lower activity or fitness levels regardless of their level of obesity. The interrelationships of physical activity, fitness, and abdominal obesity with cardiovascular risk factors have not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of different types of leisure time physical activity and aerobic fitness with cardiovascular risk factors in a large population of Finnish adults. In addition, a novel aerobic fitness test was implemented and the distribution of aerobic fitness was explored in men and women across age groups. The interrelationships of physical activity, aerobic fitness and abdominal obesity were examined in relation to cardiovascular risk factors. This study was part of the National FINRISK Study 2002, which monitors cardiovascular risk factors in a Finnish adult population. The sample comprised 13 437 men and women aged 25 to 74 years and was drawn from the Population Register as a stratified random sample according to 10-year age groups, gender and area. A separate physical activity study included 9179 subjects, of whom 5 980 participated (65%) in the study. At the study site, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were measured, a blood sample was drawn, and an aerobic fitness test was performed. The fitness test estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and was based on a non-exercise method by using a heart rate monitor at rest. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated by dividing waist circumference with hip circumference and was used as a measure of abdominal obesity. Participants filled in a questionnaire on health behavior, a history of diseases, and current health status, and a detailed 12-month leisure time physical activity recall. Based on the recall data, relative energy expenditure was calculated using metabolic equivalents, and physical activity was divided into conditioning, non-conditioning, and commuting physical activity. Participants aged 45 to 74 years were later invited to take part in a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test with fasting insulin and glucose measurements. Based on the oral glucose tolerance test, undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes were defined. The estimated aerobic fitness was lower among women and decreased with age. A higher estimated aerobic fitness and a lower WHR were independently associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and with higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL to total cholesterol ratio. The associations of the estimated aerobic fitness with diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and HDL to total cholesterol ratio were stronger in men with a higher WHR. High levels of conditioning and non-conditioning physical activity were associated with lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. High levels of conditioning and overall physical activities were associated with lower insulin and glucose levels. The associations were stronger among women than men. A better self-rated physical fitness was associated with a higher estimated aerobic fitness, lower CRP levels, and lower insulin and glucose levels in men and women. In each WHR third, the risk of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes was higher among physically inactive individuals who did not undertake at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on five days per week. These cross-sectional data show that higher levels of estimated aerobic fitness and regular leisure time physical activity are associated with a favorable cardiovascular risk factor profile and that these associations are present at all levels of abdominal obesity. Most of the associations followed a dose-response manner, suggesting that already low levels of physical activity or fitness are beneficial to health and that larger improvements in risk factor levels may be gained from higher activity and fitness levels. The present findings support the recommendation to engage regularly in leisure time physical activity, to pursue a high level of aerobic fitness, and to prevent abdominal obesity.

The epidemiology of severe Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Europe

Diseases caused by the Lancefield group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, are amongst the most challenging to clinicians and public health specialists alike. Although severe infections caused by S. pyogenes are relatively uncommon, affecting around 3 per 100,000 of the population per annum in developed countries, the case fatality is high relative to many other infections. Despite a long scientific tradition of studying their occurrence and characteristics, many aspects of their epidemiology remain poorly understood, and potential control measures undefined. Epidemiological studies can play an important role in identifying host, pathogen and environmental factors associated with risk of disease, manifestation of particular syndromes or poor survival. This can be of value in targeting prevention activities, as well directing further basic research, potentially paving the way for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The formation of a European network, Strep-EURO, provided an opportunity to explore epidemiological patterns across Europe. Funded by the Fifth Framework Programme of the European Commission s Directorate-General for Research (QLK2.CT.2002.01398), the Strep-EURO network was launched in September 2002. Twelve participants across eleven countries took part, led by the University of Lund in Sweden. Cases were defined as patients with S. pyogenes isolated from a normally sterile site, or non-sterile site in combination with clinical signs of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). All participating countries undertook prospective enhanced surveillance between 1st January 2003 and 31st December 2004 to identify cases diagnosed during this period. A standardised surveillance dataset was defined, comprising demographic, clinical and risk factor information collected through a questionnaire. Isolates were collected by the national reference laboratories and characterised according to their M protein using conventional serological and emm gene typing. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were undertaken to compare characteristics of cases between countries and identify factors associated with increased risk of death or development of STSS. Crude and age-adjusted rates of infection were calculated for each country where a catchment population could be defined. The project succeeded in establishing the first European surveillance network for severe S. pyogenes infections, with 5522 cases identified over the two years. Analysis of data gathered in the eleven countries yielded important new information on the epidemiology of severe S. pyogenes infections in Europe during the 2000s. Comprehensive epidemiological data on these infections were obtained for the first time from France, Greece and Romania. Incidence estimates identified a general north-south gradient, from high to low. Remarkably similar age-standardised rates were observed among the three Nordic participants, between 2.2 and 2.3 per 100,000 population. Rates in the UK were higher still, 2.9/100,000, elevated by an upsurge in drug injectors. Rates from these northern countries were reasonably close to those observed in the USA and Australia during this period. In contrast, rates of reports in the more central and southern countries (Czech Republic, Romania, Cyprus and Italy) were substantially lower, 0.3 to 1.5 per 100,000 population, a likely reflection of poorer uptake of microbiological diagnostic methods within these countries. Analysis of project data brought some new insights into risk factors for severe S. pyogenes infection, especially the importance of injecting drug users in the UK, with infections in this group fundamentally reshaping the epidemiology of these infections during this period. Several novel findings arose through this work, including the high degree of congruence in seasonal patterns between countries and the seasonal changes in case fatality rates. Elderly patients, those with compromised immune systems, those who developed STSS and those infected with an emm/M78, emm/M5, emm/M3 or emm/M1 were found to be most likely to die as a result of their infection, whereas those diagnosed with cellulitis, septic arthritis, puerperal sepsis or with non-focal infection were associated with low risk of death, as were infections occurring during October. Analysis of augmented data from the UK found use of NSAIDs to be significantly associated with development of STSS, adding further fuel to the debate surrounding the role of NSAIDs in the development of severe disease. As a largely community-acquired infection, occurring sporadically and diffusely throughout the population, opportunities for control of severe infections caused by S. pyogenes remain limited, primarily involving contact chemoprophylaxis where clusters arise. Analysis of UK Strep-EURO data were used to quantify the risk to household contacts of cases, forming the basis of national guidance on the management of infection. Vaccines currently under development could offer a more effective control programme in future. Surveillance of invasive infections caused by S. pyogenes is of considerable public health importance as a means of identifying long and short-term trends in incidence, allowing the need for, or impact of, public health measures to be evaluated. As a dynamic pathogen co-existing among a dynamic population, new opportunities for exploitation of its human host are likely to arise periodically, and as such continued monitoring remains essential.

Factors affecting farmland prices in Finland

The purpose of the study was to analyse factors affecting the differences in land prices between regions. The key issue was to find out the policy effects on farmland prices. In addition to comprehensive literature review, a theoretical analysis as well as modern panel and spatial econometric techniques were utilized. The study clearly pointed out the importance of taking into account the possible spatial dependence. The data were exceptionally large, comprising more than 6 000 observations. Thus, it allowed a thorough econometric estimation including the possibility to take into account the spatial nature of the data. This study supports the view that there are many other factors that affect farmland prices besides pure agricultural returns. It was also found that the support clearly affects land prices. However, rather than assuming the discount rates for support and market returns to be similar, the rough analysis refers to the discount rate for support being a little lower. If this were true it would indicate that farmers rely more on support income than market returns. The results support the view presented in literature that land values are more responsive to government payments when these payments are perceived to be permanent. An important result of this study is that the structural differences between regions and the structural change in agriculture seemed to have a considerable role in affecting land prices. Firstly, the present structure affects the competition in the land market: the more dense farms are in the region the more there are potential buyers, and the land price increases. Secondly, the change in farm structure (especially in animal husbandry) connected to the policy changes that increase area-based support affects land prices. The effect comes from two sources. Growing farms need more land for the manure, and the proportion of retiring farmers may be lower. The introduction of the manure density variable proved to be an efficient way to aggregate the otherwise very difficult task of taking into account the environmental pressure caused by structural change in animal husbandry. Finally, infrastructure also has a very important role in determining the price level of agricultural land. If other industries are prospering in the surrounding area, agricultural viability also seems to improve. The non-farm opportunities offered to farm families make continuing and developing farming more tempting.

Yhdysvaltain terrorisminvastaisen sodan oikeutus

Yhdysvallat on ottanut johtavan roolin terrorisminvastaisessa sodassa ja julkaissut terrorisminvastaisen sodan asiakirjoja, joista kansallinen turvallisuusstrategia vuosilta 2002 ja 2006 sek�� kansallinen terrorisminvastainen asiakirja vuodelta 2006 ovat t��m��n tutkimuksen l��hdeaineisto. Tutkielmassa analysoin, miten Yhdysvallat perustelee ja pyrkii oikeuttamaan terrorisminvastaisen sotansa. Tarkastelun teen vertaamalla terrorisminvastaisen sodan asiakirjoja perinteiseen l��nsimaiseen oikeudenmukaisen sodan teoriaan. Tutkimuksessani vastaan my��s siihen, t��ytt����k�� terrorisminvastainen sota oikeudenmukaisen sodan ehdot. Tarkastelussa k��yt��n metodina systemaattista k��siteanalyysi��. Terrorisminvastaisen sodan t��rkein v��line on demokratia, johon Yhdysvallat sis��llytt���� ihmisoikeuksia ja yksil��nvapauksia. Terrorisminvastaisen sodan tavoitteena on luoda sellaiset maailmanlaajuiset ja rauhalliset olosuhteet, ett�� ihmiset p����sisiv��t nauttimaan jokaiselle luonnostaan kuuluvista yksil��nvapauksista ja ihmisoikeuksista. Jotta sota olisi oikeudenmukainen, on tiettyjen ehtojen t��ytytt��v��. Ennen sotaa on pyritt��v�� ratkaisemaan rauhanomaisesti sotaan johtava syy. Sodassa tulee olla oikeutettu peruste ja realistiset tavoitteet, jotka on esitett��v�� ennen sotaa. Vain itsepuolustuksellinen sota on oikeutettua. Sotaan voi ryhty�� vain laillinen auktoriteetti. Sodank��ynniss�� tulee k��ytt���� vain kansainv��lisesti hyv��ksyttyjen sodan s����nt��jen sallimia menetelmi��. T��rkeint�� sodank��ynniss�� on ihmisoikeuksien mahdollisimman pitk��lle menev�� kunnioitus. Sodan tavoitteena on tuottaa enemm��n hyv���� kuin pahaa. Sodalla saavutetun tilanteen tulee olla parempi kuin sotaa edelt��v�� tilanne. Sodan tavoitteena on oltava rauha, jonka ehtojen on oltava ennakoitavissa jo sotaa edelt��viss�� ja sodan aikaisissa toimissa ja sopimuksissa. Terrorisminvastaisten asiakirjojen perusteella Yhdysvallat t��ytt���� terrorisminvastaisessa sodassa oikeudenmukaisen sodan ehdot, lukuunottamatta kaikkien rauhanomaisten keinojen koettelua ja ihmisoikeuksien kunnioitusta. Yhdysvallat vetoaa terrorismin poikkeavaan luonteeseen ja siihen, ett�� terrorismi muodostaa ����rimm��isen h��t��tilanteen. ����rimm��isess�� h��t��tilanteessa on mahdollista toimia niin, ett�� jos toimimalla vastoin oikeudenmukaisen sodan teorian ehtoja saavutetaan parempi lopputulos kuin ehtojen noudattamisella saavutettava lopputulos, on tietyin ehdoin mahdollista j��tt���� osa oikeudenmukaisen sodan ehdoista t��ytt��m��tt��. Yhdysvaltain mukaan terrorisminvastaisen sodan ihmisuhrit ovat v��ltt��m��tt��mi��, jotta saavutetaan enemm��n ihmishenki�� s����st��v�� maailmanlaajuinen rauha. Terrorisminvastaisen sodan vankien ihmisoikeusloukkausten taustalla on pyrkimys yleisen turvallisuuden lis����miseen. Lis��ksi Yhdysvallat on vedonnut siihen, ett�� rauhanomaisten neuvottelujen aikana terroristit ehtiv��t valmistautua tuleviin iskuihin. Yhdysvallat suosii nopeaa ja yll��tt��v���� toimintaa, vaikka se pyrkiikiin mahdollisuuksien mukaan rauhanomaisiin ratkaisuihin.

Essays on Economic Integration and Labour Demand

This dissertation consists of an introductory section and three essays investigating the effects of economic integration on labour demand by using theoretical models and by empirical analysis. The essays adopt an intra-industry trade approach to specify a theoretical framework of estimation for determining the effects of economic integration on employment. In all the essays the empirical aim is to explore the labour demand consequences of European integration. The first essay analyzes how labour-demand elasticities with own price have changed during the process of economic integration. As a theoretical result, intensified trade competition increases labour-demand elasticity, whereas better advantage of economies of scale decreases labour-demand elasticity by decreasing the elasticity of substitution between differentiated products. Furthermore, if integration gives rise to an increase in input-substitutability and/or outsourcing activities, labour demand will become more elastic. Using data from the manufacturing sector from 1975 to 2002, the empirical results provide support for the hypothesis that European integration has contributed to increased elasticities of total labour demand in Finland. The second essay analyzes how economic integration affects the impact of welfare poli-cies on employment. The essay considers the viability of financing the public sector, i.e. public consumption and social security expenses, by general labour taxation in an economy which has become more integrated into international product markets. The theoretical results of the second essay indicate that, as increased trade competition crowds out better economies of scale, it becomes more costly to maintain welfare systems financed by labour taxation. Using data from European countries for the years 1975 to 2004, the empirical results provide inconsistent evidence for the hypothesis that economic integration has contributed to the distortion effects of welfare policies on employment. The third essay analyzes the impact of profit sharing on employment as a way to introduce wage flexibility into the process of economic integration. The results of the essay suggest that, in theory, the effects of economic integration on the impact of profit sharing on employment clearly depend on a trade-off between intensified competition and better advantage of economies of scale. If product market competition increases, the ability of profit sharing to improve employment through economic integration increases with moderated wages. While, the economic integration associating with market power in turn decrease the possibilities of profit sharing with higher wages to improve employment. Using data from the manufacturing sector for the years 1996 to 2004, the empirical results show that profit-sharing has a positive impact on employment during the process of European integration, but can have ambiguous effects on the stability of employment in Finland.

Below-ground processes in meadow soil under elevated ozone and carbon dioxide : - Greenhouse gas fluxes, N cycling and microbial communities

This thesis focuses on how elevated CO2 and/or O3 affect the below-ground processes in semi-natural vegetation, with an emphasis on greenhouse gases, N cycling and microbial communities. Meadow mesocosms mimicking lowland hay meadows in Jokioinen, SW Finland, were enclosed in open-top chambers and exposed to ambient and elevated levels of O3 (40-50 ppb) and/or CO2 (+100 ppm) for three consecutive growing season, while chamberless plots were used as chamber controls. Chemical and microbiological analyses as well as laboratory incubations of the mesocosm soils under different treatments were used to study the effects of O3 and/or CO2. Artificially constructed mesocosms were also compared with natural meadows with regards to GHG fluxes and soil characteristics. In addition to research conducted at the ecosystem level (i.e. the mesocosm study), soil microbial communities were also examined in a pot experiment with monocultures of individual species. By comparing mesocosms with similar natural plant assemblage, it was possible to demonstrate that artificial mesocosms simulated natural habitats, even though some differences were found in the CH4 oxidation rate, soil mineral N, and total C and N concentrations in the soil. After three growing seasons of fumigations, the fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 were decreased in the NF+O3 treatment, and the soil NH4+-N and mineral N concentrations were lower in the NF+O3 treatment than in the NF control treatment. The mesocosm soil microbial communities were affected negatively by the NF+O3 treatment, as the total, bacterial, actinobacterial, and fungal PLFA biomasses as well as the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio decreased under elevated O3. In the pot survey, O3 decreased the total, bacterial, actinobacterial, and mycorrhizal PLFA biomasses in the bulk soil and affected the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of L. pratensis, whereas the bulk soil and rhizosphere of the other monoculture, A. capillaris, remained unaffected by O3. Elevated CO2 caused only minor and insignificant changes in the GHG fluxes, N cycling, and the microbial community structure. In the present study, the below-ground processes were modified after three years of moderate O3 enhancement. A tentative conclusion is that a decrease in N availability may have feedback effects on plant growth and competition and affect the N cycling of the whole meadow ecosystem. Ecosystem level changes occur slowly, and multiplication of the responses might be expected in the long run.