Edistys ja yhteinen hyvä vapaudenajan ruotsalaisessa poliittisessa kielessä

This dissertation analyses the notions of progress and common good in Swedish political language during the Age of Liberty (1719 1772). The method used is conceptual analysis, but this study is also a contribution to the history of political ideas and political culture, aiming at a broader understanding of how the bounds of political community were conceptualised and represented in eighteenth-century Sweden. The research is based on the official documents of the regime, such as the fundamental laws and the solemn speeches made at the opening and closing of the Diet, on normative or alternative descriptions of society such as history works and economic literature, and on practical political writings by the Diet and its members. The rhetoric of common good and particular interest is thus examined both in its consensual and theoretical contexts and in practical politics. Central political issues addressed include the extent of economic liberties, the question of freedom to print, the meaning of privilege, the position of particular estates or social groups and the economic interests of particular areas or persons. This research shows that the modern Swedish word for progress (framsteg) was still only rarely used in the eighteenth century, while the notion of progress, growth and success existed in a variety of closely related terms and metaphorical expressions. The more traditional concept of common good (allmänna bästa) was used in several variants, some of which explicitly related to utility and interest. The combination of public utility and private interest in political discourse challenged traditional ideals of political morality, where virtue had been the fundament of common good. The progress of society was also presented as being linked to the progress of liberty, knowledge and wealth in a way that can be described as characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment but which also points at the appearance of early liberal thought.

Kuluttaminen ja ylhäisaatelin elämäntapa 1700-luvun Ruotsissa

Consumption and the lifestyle of the high nobility in eighteenth-century Sweden This monograph is an analysis of the lifestyle, consumption and private finances of the Swedish high nobility during the eighteenth century (ca 1730 1795). It describes the lifestyle of one noble house, the House of Fersen. The Fersen family represents the leading political, economic and cultural elite in eighteenth-century Sweden. The analysis concentrates on Count Carl von Fersen (1716 1786) and his brother Count Axel von Fersen (1719 1794), their spouses and children. Carl von Fersen was a courtier whilst Axel von Fersen was an officer and one of the leaders of the Francophile Hat party. His son, Axel von Fersen the younger, was in his time an officer and a favourite of Gustavus III, King of Sweden, as well as a favourite and trusted confidant of Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France. The research is based upon the Fersen family s private archives, the Counts personal account books, probate inventories, letters and diaries. The study discusses the Fersens landed property and investments in ironworks and manufacturing, the indebtedness of the high nobility, high offices in civil administration, the militia and at court, as well as marriages as the foundations of noble wealth and power. It analyses the Count von Fersens revenue and expenditure, their career options and personal expenses, their involvement in the building and decorating of palaces, and the servants in service of the Fersen family as well as the ideal nobleman and his consumption. Central themes are inheritance, children s education, marriages and ladies preparing their trousseaux, the nobility ordering luxury goods from France, the consumption of Counts and Countesses before and after marrying and having children, the pleasures of a noble life as well as the criticism of luxury and sumptuousness. The study contributes to the large body of research on consumption and nobility in the eighteenth century by connecting the lifestyle, consumption and private finances of the Swedish high nobility to their European context. Key words: nobility, Fersen, lifestyle, consumption, private finances, Sweden, eighteenth century

Imagination and diversity in the philosophy of Hobbes

This dissertation is a study of some aspects of theoretical philosophy of the early modern thinker Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679). The focal point of the work is Hobbes s conception of imagination, which is discussed from both a systematic and a historical point of view, as well as in the light of contemporary scholarship. I argue that though there are significant similarities between the view of Hobbes and that of his predecessors, he gives a novel theory of imagination, which clarifies not only early modern discussions on human nature, knowledge, science, and literary criticism, but above all his own versatile philosophy. The prologue of the dissertation introduces methodological principles and gives critical remarks on the standard view of Hobbes. In Chapter II, I discuss the prominent theories of imagination before Hobbes and link them to his account. I argue that though Hobbes adopted the Aristotelian framework, his view is not reduced to it, as he borrows from various sources, for instance, from the Stoics and from Renaissance thought. Chapters III and IV form the psychological part of the work. In the Chapter III I argue that imagination, not sense, is central in the basic cognitive operations of the mind and that imagination has a decisive role in Hobbes s theory of motivation. The Chapter IV concentrates on various questions of Hobbes s philosophy of language. The chapter ends with a defence of a less naturalistic reading of Hobbes s theory of human nature. Chapters V and VI form the epistemological part of the work. I suggest, contrary to what has been recently claimed, that though Hobbes s ideas of good literary style do have a point of contact with his philosophy (e.g. the psychology of creative process), his ideas in the field are independent of his project of demonstrative political science. Instead I argue that the novelty of his major political work, Leviathan (1651), is based on a new theory of knowledge which he continued to develop in the post-Leviathan works. Chapter VII seeks to connect the more theoretical conclusions of Chapters V and VI to Hobbes's idea(l) of science as well as to his philosophical practice. On the basis of Hobbes s own writings as well as some historical examinations, I argue that method is not an apt way to conceptualise Hobbes s philosophical practice. Contemporary readings of Hobbes s theory of science are critically discussed and the chapter ends with an analysis of Hobbes s actual argumentation. In addition to the concluding remarks, the epilogue suggest three things: first, imagination is central when trying to understand Hobbes s versatile philosophy; second, that it is misleading to depict Hobbes as a simple materialist, mechanist, and empiricist; and, third, that in terms of imagination his influence on early modern thought has not been fully appreciated.

Rigorous scaling law for the heat current in disordered harmonic chain

We study the energy current in a model of heat conduction, first considered in detail by Casher and Lebowitz. The model consists of a one-dimensional disordered harmonic chain of n i.i.d. random masses, connected to their nearest neighbors via identical springs, and coupled at the boundaries to Langevin heat baths, with respective temperatures T_1 and T_n. Let EJ_n be the steady-state energy current across the chain, averaged over the masses. We prove that EJ_n \sim (T_1 - T_n)n^{-3/2} in the limit n \to \infty, as has been conjectured by various authors over the time. The proof relies on a new explicit representation for the elements of the product of associated transfer matrices.

Kolmas tehtävä ja neljäs valtiomahti. Uusi yliopistolaki ja yliopiston rooli yhteiskunnassa julkisen keskustelun kohteena 2008-2009.

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yliopiston yhteiskunnallista vuorovaikutusta koskevaa julkista keskustelua. Aineisto koostuu viiden levikiltään Suomen suurimpien joukkoon kuuluvan sanomalehden yliopiston yhteiskunnallista vuorovaikutusta käsittelevistä pääkirjoituksista ajalta 1.1.2008–31.12.2009. Pääkirjoituksia on aineistossa yhteensä 110. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on täydentää politiikan tutkimuksen alalla laiminlyötyä koulutuspolitiikan tutkimusta paneutuen yliopiston yhteiskunnallista roolia koskeviin merkityksiin, jotka nousivat aktiiviseen julkiseen keskusteluun yliopistolain uudistuksen myötä. Tutkimuskysymyksenä on, minkälaisia representaatioita yliopiston roolista yhteiskunnassa suomalaiset sanomalehdet välittivät pääkirjoituksissaan uuden yliopistolain säätämistä edeltäneessä uutisoinnissaan? Tutkielmassa eritellään pääkirjoituksista löytyviä yliopiston yhteiskunnallista roolia koskevia merkitysjärjestelmiä eli diskursseja käyttäen menetelmänä Teun van Dijkin diskurssianalyysia. Yliopiston roolia koskevia representaatioita tarkastellaan Jürgen Habermasin tiedon intressien teoriaan peilaten. Muita keskeisiä teoreetikkoja ovat Gerard Delanty, Henry Etzkowitz, Helga Nowotny, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Andy Green ja Marek Kwiek. Yliopiston kolmannen tehtävän korostumista pohjustetaan historiallisella kuvauksella modernin yliopiston synnystä ja yliopistoinstituution kehityksestä Euroopassa ja tarkemmin Suomessa. Työssä käydään myös läpi tutkimusta, joka pureutuu kansallisvaltion ja yliopistoinstituution historiallisen siteen purkautumiseen ja yliopiston toiminnan legitimiteetin uudelleenmäärittelyyn. Lisäksi nostetaan esiin näkemyksiä tiedon tuotannon monopolin irtautumisesta yliopistolta yhä suuremmalle joukolle toimijoita. Analyysia taustoitetaan myös uuden yliopistolain ja sen taustalla olleen ylikansallisen koulutuspolitiikan konsensuksen kautta. Pääkirjoituksissa esiintyneitä yliopiston yhteiskunnallisen roolin saamia merkityksiä tarkastellaan ensin lehtikohtaisesti, minkä jälkeen pääkirjoitusten sisältämistä representaatioista muodostetaan diskursseja. Aineistosta muodostui viisi diskurssia: globaalin selviämistaistelun diskurssi, lokaalin identiteetin diskurssi, maineenrakennuksen diskurssi, panos-tuotos-diskurssi ja myyttisen humboldtilaisuuden diskurssi. Yliopisto representoitiin alueellisen identiteetinrakennuksen ja integraation välineenä ja sellaiseksi alueen integraation välineeksi, jolle valtio on prosessin laidalla oleva tukiverkko. Alueen integraation välineeksi representoitu yliopisto esitettiin samalla globaalille huipulle tähtäämisen myötä legitimoituvaksi instituutioksi. Yliopisto representoitiin siis glokaalin huipulle nousun välineenä. Pääkirjoituksissa epäpolitisoitiin yliopiston ja alueen välinen yhteys sekä yliopiston ja elinkeinoelämän välinen yhteys. Globaalin selviämistaistelun ja myyttisen humboldtilaisuuden välinen merkityskamppailu kulki läpi aineiston. Yliopisto representoitiin teknisen tiedon intressin mukaisesti välineeksi globaalin kilpailukyvyn nostamiseksi. Toisaalta yliopisto esitettiin myös myyttisen humboldtilaiseksi puhdasta tutkimusta tekeväksi ympäröivästä yhteiskunnasta eristäytyneeksi instituutioksi. Aineistossa ei representoitu yliopistoa emansipatorista tiedon intressiä toteuttavana instituutiona vaihtoehtona teknisen tiedon intressin mukaisille representaatioille. Myöskään kommunikatiivisen tiedon intressin mukainen yliopisto ei tullut aineistossa esiin. Aineistossa annettiin vastoin tutkimuskirjallisuuden näkemyksiä yliopistolle legitiimin tiedon monopolin haltijan rooli. Pääkirjoituksissa representoitiin valtiovallan, yksityisen sektorin ja tiedeyhteisön yliopistoa koskevia intressejä. Kansalaisyhteiskunnan ja yliopiston välistä vuorovaikutusta aineisto ei nostanut esiin. Keskeisimmäksi jatkotutkimuksen aiheeksi identifioitiin tämän myötä yliopiston ja kansalaisyhteiskunnan toimijoiden välisen vuorovaikutuksen tarkastelu.

Kemihaaran allasalueen luonto

Nature in the Kemihaara reservoir area, Northern Finland.

Tonically Active Kainate Receptors (tKARs) : A Novel Mechanism Regulating Neuronal Function in the Brain

Fast excitatory transmission between neurons in the central nervous system is mainly mediated by L-glutamate acting on ligand gated (ionotropic) receptors. These are further categorized according to their pharmacological properties to AMPA (2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2- oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid), NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid) and kainate (KAR) subclasses. In the rat and the mouse hippocampus, development of glutamatergic transmission is most dynamic during the first postnatal weeks. This coincides with the declining developmental expression of the GluK1 subunit-containing KARs. However, the function of KARs during early development of the brain is poorly understood. The present study reveals novel types of tonically active KARs (hereafter referred to as tKARs) which play a central role in functional development of the hippocampal CA3-CA1 network. The study shows for the first time how concomitant pre- and postsynaptic KAR function contributes to development of CA3-CA1 circuitry by regulating transmitter release and interneuron excitability. Moreover, the tKAR-dependent regulation of transmitter release provides a novel mechanism for silencing and unsilencing early synapses and thus shaping the early synaptic connectivity. The role of GluK1-containing KARs was studied in area CA3 of the neonatal hippocampus. The data demonstrate that presynaptic KARs in excitatory synapses to both pyramidal cells and interneurons are tonically activated by ambient glutamate and that they regulate glutamate release differentially, depending on target cell type. At synapses to pyramidal cells these tKARs inhibit glutamate release in a G-protein dependent manner but in contrast, at synapses to interneurons, tKARs facilitate glutamate release. On the network level these mechanisms act together upregulating activity of GABAergic microcircuits and promoting endogenous hippocampal network oscillations. By virtue of this, tKARs are likely to have an instrumental role in the functional development of the hippocampal circuitry. The next step was to investigate the role of GluK1 -containing receptors in the regulation of interneuron excitability. The spontaneous firing of interneurons in the CA3 stratum lucidum is markedly decreased during development. The shift involves tKARs that inhibit medium-duration afterhyperpolarization (mAHP) in these neurons during the first postnatal week. This promotes burst spiking of interneurons and thereby increases GABAergic activity in the network synergistically with the tKAR-mediated facilitation of their excitatory drive. During development the amplitude of evoked medium afterhyperpolarizing current (ImAHP) is dramatically increased due to decoupling tKAR activation and ImAHP modulation. These changes take place at the same time when the endogeneous network oscillations disappear. These tKAR-driven mechanisms in the CA3 area regulate both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission and thus gate the feedforward excitatory drive to the area CA1. Here presynaptic tKARs to CA1 pyramidal cells suppress glutamate release and enable strong facilitation in response to high-frequency input. Therefore, CA1 synapses are finely tuned to high-frequency transmission; an activity pattern that is common in neonatal CA3-CA1 circuitry both in vivo and in vitro. The tKAR-regulated release probability acts as a novel presynaptic silencing mechanism that can be unsilenced in response to Hebbian activity. The present results shed new light on the mechanisms modulating the early network activity that paves the way for oscillations lying behind cognitive tasks such as learning and memory. Kainate receptor antagonists are already being developed for therapeutic use for instance against pain and migraine. Because of these modulatory actions, tKARs also represent an attractive candidate for therapeutic treatment of developmentally related complications such as learning disabilities.