La modernización entre cafetales : San José, Costa Rica, 1880-1930

This work examines the urban modernization of San José, Costa Rica, between 1880 and 1930, using a cultural approach to trace the emergence of the bourgeois city in a small Central American capital, within the context of order and progress. As proposed by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells and Edward Soja, space is given its rightful place as protagonist. The city, subject of this study, is explored as a seat of social power and as the embodiment of a cultural transformation that took shape in that space, a transformation spearheaded by the dominant social group, the Liberal elite. An analysis of the product built environment allows us to understand why the city grew in a determined manner: how the urban space became organized and how its infrastructure and services distributed. Although the emphasis is on the Liberal heyday from 1880-1930, this study also examines the history of the city since its origins in the late colonial period through its consolidation as a capital during the independent era, in order to characterize the nineteenth century colonial city that prevailed up to 1890 s. A diverse array of primary sources including official acts, memoirs, newspaper sources, maps and plans, photographs, and travelogues are used to study the initial phase of San Jose s urban growth. The investigation places the first period of modern urban growth at the turn of the nineteenth century within the prevailing ideological and political context of Positivism and Liberalism. The ideas of the city s elite regarding progress were translated into and reflected in the physical transformation of the city and in the social construction of space. Not only the transformations but also the limits and contradictions of the process of urban change are examined. At the same time, the reorganization of the city s physical space and the beginnings of the ensanche are studied. Hygiene as an engine of urban renovation is explored by studying the period s new public infrastructure (including pipelines, sewer systems, and the use of asphalt pavement) as part of the Saneamiento of San José. The modernization of public space is analyzed through a study of the first parks, boulevards and monuments and the emergence of a new urban culture prominently displayed in these green spaces. Parks and boulevards were new public and secular places of power within the modern city, used by the elite to display and educate the urban population into the new civic and secular traditions. The study goes on to explore the idealized image of the modern city through an analysis of European and North American travelogues and photography. The new esthetic of theatrical-spectacular representation of the modern city constructed a visual guide of how to understand and come to know the city. A partial and selective image of generalized urban change presented only the bourgeois facade and excluded everything that challenged the idea of progress. The enduring patterns of spatial and symbolic exclusion built into Costa Rica s capital city at the dawn of the twentieth century shed important light on the long-term political social and cultural processes that have created the troubled urban landscapes of contemporary Latin America.

Day Surgery in Finland : randomized and cross-sectional studies on treatment, quality, and outcome

The aims of this study were to describe Finnish day surgery practice at present and to evaluate quality of care by assessing postdischarge minor morbidity and quality indicators. Potential treatment options were approached by investigating the role of oral dexamethasone as a part of multimodal analgesia and the feasibility of day surgery in patients aged 65 years and older. Over a 2-month period, all patient cases at 14 Finnish day surgery or short-stay units were analyzed (Study I). Quality indicators included rates and reasons for overnight admission, readmission, reoperation, cancellations, and patient satisfaction. Recovery during the first postoperative week was assessed at two units (Study II). Altogether 2732 patients graded daily the intensity of predefined symptoms. To define risk factors of postdischarge symptoms, multinomial regression analysis was used. Sixty patients scheduled to undergo day surgery for hallux valgus were randomized to receive twice perioperatively dexamethasone 9 mg or placebo (Study III). Paracetamol 1 g was administered 3 times daily. Rescue medication (oxycodone) consumption during 0-3 postoperative days (POD), maximal pain scores and adverse effects were documented. Medically stable patients aged 65 years or older, scheduled for open inguinal hernia repair, were randomized to receive treatment either as day cases or inpatients (Study IV). Complications, unplanned admissions, healthcare visits, and patients’ acceptance of the type of care provided were assessed during 2 weeks postoperatively. In Study I, unplanned overnight admissions were reported in 5.9%, return hospital visits during PODs 1-28 in 3.7%, and readmissions in 0.7% of patients. Patient satisfaction was high. In Study II, pain was the most common symptom in adult patients (57%). Postdischarge symptoms were more frequent in adults aged < 40 years, children aged ≥ 7 years, females, and following a longer duration of surgery. In Study III, the total median (range) oxycodone consumption during the study period was 45 (0–165) mg in the dexamethasone group, compared with 78 (15–175) mg in the placebo group (P < 0.049). On PODs 0-1, patients in the dexamethasone group reported significantly lower pain scores. Following inguinal hernia repair, no significant differences in outcome measures were seen between the study groups. Patient satisfaction was equally high in day cases and inpatients (Study IV). Finnish day surgery units provide good-quality services. Minor postdischarge symptoms are common, and they are influenced by several patient-, surgery-, and anesthesia-related factors. Oral dexamethasone combined with paracetamol improves pain relief and reduces the need for oxycodone rescue medication following correction of hallux valgus. Day surgery for open inguinal hernia repair is safe and well accepted by patients aged 65 years or older and can be recommended as the primary choice of care for medically stable patients.

Studies on the assessment of the adequacy of anesthesia

Several hypnosis monitoring systems based on the processed electroencephalogram (EEG) have been developed for use during general anesthesia. The assessment of the analgesic component (antinociception) of general anesthesia is an emerging field of research. This study investigated the interaction of hypnosis and antinociception, the association of several physiological variables with the degree of intraoperative nociception, and aspects of EEG Bispectral Index Scale (BIS) monitoring during general anesthesia. In addition, EEG features and heart rate (HR) responses during desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia were compared. A propofol bolus of 0.7 mg/kg was more effective than an alfentanil bolus of 0.5 mg in preventing the recurrence of movement responses during uterine dilatation and curettage (D C) after a propofol-alfentanil induction, combined with nitrous oxide (N2O). HR and several HR variability-, frontal electromyography (fEMG)-, pulse plethysmography (PPG)-, and EEG-derived variables were associated with surgery-induced movement responses. Movers were discriminated from non-movers mostly by the post-stimulus values per se or normalized with respect to the pre-stimulus values. In logistic regression analysis, the best classification performance was achieved with the combination of normalized fEMG power and HR during D C (overall accuracy 81%, sensitivity 53%, specificity 95%), and with the combination of normalized fEMG-related response entropy, electrocardiography (ECG) R-to-R interval (RRI), and PPG dicrotic notch amplitude during sevoflurane anesthesia (overall accuracy 96%, sensitivity 90%, specificity 100%). ECG electrode impedances after alcohol swab skin pretreatment alone were higher than impedances of designated EEG electrodes. The BIS values registered with ECG electrodes were higher than those registered simultaneously with EEG electrodes. No significant difference in the time to home-readiness after isoflurane-N2O or sevoflurane-N2O anesthesia was found, when the administration of the volatile agent was guided by BIS monitoring. All other early and intermediate recovery parameters were also similar. Transient epileptiform EEG activity was detected in eight of 15 sevoflurane patients during a rapid increase in the inspired volatile concentration, and in none of the 16 desflurane patients. The observed transient EEG changes did not adversely affect the recovery of the patients. Following the rapid increase in the inhaled desflurane concentration, HR increased transiently, reaching its maximum in two minutes. In the sevoflurane group, the increase was slower and more subtle. In conclusion, desflurane may be a safer volatile agent than sevoflurane in patients with a lowered seizure threshold. The tachycardia induced by a rapid increase in the inspired desflurane concentration may present a risk for patients with heart disease. Designated EEG electrodes may be superior to ECG electrodes in EEG BIS monitoring. When the administration of isoflurane or sevoflurane is adjusted to maintain BIS values at 50-60 in healthy ambulatory surgery patients, the speed and quality of recovery are similar after both isoflurane-N2O and sevoflurane-N2O anesthesia. When anesthesia is maintained by the inhalation of N2O and bolus doses of propofol and alfentanil in healthy unparalyzed patients, movement responses may be best avoided by ensuring a relatively deep hypnotic level with propofol. HR/RRI, fEMG, and PPG dicrotic notch amplitude are potential indicators of nociception during anesthesia, but their performance needs to be validated in future studies. Combining information from different sources may improve the discrimination of the level of nociception.

Detection of renal dysfunction during and after anaesthesia and surgery - evaluation of the influence of inorganic fluoride, ketorolac and clonidine

Drugs and surgical techniques may have harmful renal effects during the perioperative period. Traditional biomarkers are often insensitive to minor renal changes, but novel biomarkers may more accurately detect disturbances in glomerular and tubular function and integrity. The purpose of this study was first, to evaluate the renal effects of ketorolac and clonidine during inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane and isoflurane, and secondly, to evaluate the effect of tobacco smoking on the production of inorganic fluoride (F-) following enflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia as well as to determine the effect of F- on renal function and cellular integrity in surgical patients. A total of 143 patients undergoing either conventional (n = 75) or endoscopic (n = 68) inpatient surgery were enrolled in four studies. The ketorolac and clonidine studies were prospective, randomized, placebo controlled and double-blinded, while the cigarette smoking studies were prospective cohort studies with two parallel groups. As a sign of proximal tubular deterioration, a similar transient increase in urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase/creatinine (U-NAG/crea) was noted in both the ketorolac group and in the controls (baseline vs. at two hours of anesthesia, p = 0.015) with a 3.3 minimum alveolar concentration hour sevoflurane anesthesia. Uncorrelated U-NAG increased above the maximum concentration measured from healthy volunteers (6.1 units/l) in 5/15 patients with ketorolac and in none of the controls (p = 0.042). As a sign of proximal tubular deterioration, U-glutathione transferase-alpha/crea (U-GST-alpha/crea) increased in both groups at two hours after anesthesia but a more significant increase was noted in the patients with ketorolac. U-GST-alpha/crea increased above the maximum ratio measured from healthy volunteers in 7/15 patients with ketorolac and in 3/15 controls. Clonidine diminished the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system during pneumoperitoneum; urine output was better preserved in the patients treated with clonidine (1/15 patients developed oliguria) than in the controls (8/15 developed oliguria (p=0.005)). Most patients with pneumoperitoneum and isoflurane anesthesia developed a transient proximal tubular deterioration, as U-NAG increased above 6.1 units/L in 11/15 patients with clonidine and in 7/15 controls. In the patients receiving clonidine treatment, the median of U-NAG/crea was higher than in the controls at 60 minutes of pneumoperitoneum (p = 0.01), suggesting that clonidine seems to worsen proximal tubular deterioration. Smoking induced the metabolism of enflurane, but the renal function remained intact in both the smokers and the non-smokers with enflurane anesthesia. On the contrary, smoking did not induce sevoflurane metabolism, but glomerular function decreased in 4/25 non-smokers and in 7/25 smokers with sevoflurane anesthesia. All five patients with S-F- ≥ 40 micromol/L, but only 6/45 with S-F- less than 40 micromol/L (p = 0.001), developed a S-tumor associated trypsin inhibitor concentration above 3 nmol/L as a sign of glomerular dysfunction. As a sign of proximal tubulus deterioration, U-beta 2-microglobulin increased in 2/5 patients with S-F- over 40 micromol/L compared to 2/45 patients with the highest S-F- less than 40 micromol/L (p = 0.005). To conclude, sevoflurane anesthesia may cause a transient proximal tubular deterioration which may be worsened by a co-administration of ketorolac. Clonidine premedication prevents the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system and preserves normal urine output, but may be harmful for proximal tubules during pneumoperitoneum. Smoking induces the metabolism of enflurane but not that of sevoflurane. Serum F- of 40 micromol/L or higher may induce glomerular dysfunction and proximal tubulus deterioration in patients with sevoflurane anesthesia. The novel renal biomarkers warrant further studies in order to establish reference values for surgical patients having inhalation anesthesia.

Globalization and the Political : in the Borderlands with the Zapatista Movement

This study explores the meaning, content and significance of the political as manifest in the Mexican Zapatista movement as historically and geopolitically situated struggle. The case study undertakes a critical analysis of the development, organization, practice and discourse of the movement by drawing on fieldwork experiences, interviews, discussions, documents, films and other material produced by the movement, and the critical engagement with the research of others, especially in Latin America and Mexico. The dissertation poses the need to reconsider what constitutes and what we understand by the political , related particularly to the challenges provided by the critical globalization literature, decolonization and the study of social movements. The analysis encompasses several inter-related levels: the theoretical knowledge regarding the conceptualization of the political; the methodological level, regarding how such research can and should be conducted and knowledge claims formulated given the inescapable context and effects of global power relations; and the substantive level of adding specific information and analytical insights to existing knowledge of the Zapatista movement. As a result of conceptualization of a range of practices and processes, distinct understandings of the political can be underlined. Firstly, the conception of the indigenous and the struggles as indigenous movements as specifically political, not just a cultural or ethnic identity or a static quality but rather, an active consciousness integrally linked both to a longer history of oppression and as political articulation in the concrete context and lived experience of contemporary struggle. Secondly, the practice of autonomy as central to an understanding of the political in the context of the Zapatista struggle as a practical response to the situation of oppression, counter-insurgency, siege and conflict in Chiapas, as well as a positively informed mode of political self-understanding, expression and practice in its own right. Thirdly, the notion of geopolitical positioning as important to understanding of the political that encompasses the historicity of specific context and the power relations which shape that context, developed in two different ways: in regard to the positioning of the researcher and knowledge production with and about the Zapatistas, and in regard to the practice and knowledge of the Zapatistas as a decolonizing force in their encounters, interaction and relations with others, especially the global civil society. Finally, the role of silence, absence, invisibility, revelation and hiding in political practice as a deliberate strategy in response to oppressive power. -

Koiran suurimpien nivelten artroskopia ja artroskopialla hoidettavat sairaudet - kirjallisuuskatsaus

Lemmikinomistajien hoitomyönteisyys ja eläinten hyvinvoinnista huolehtiminen, sekä potilasmäärien kasvu onmahdollistanut nivelsairauksien eri hoitomuotojen tutkimuksen ja kehityksen. Kirurgisia hoitoja on kehitetty entisestäänja artroskopia, eli nivelen tähystys, on yleistynyt nivelsairauksien diagnostiikassa ja hoidossa. Artroskopiallavoidaan hoitaa nykytekniikan avulla myös pieniä koiria ja pienempiä niveliä. Artroskopiaa voidaan käyttää epäiltäessä nivelsairautta kliinisten tai röntgenologisten löydösten perusteella. Nivelsairaudenkliinisiä oireita ovat ontuminen, kipu, nivelkapselin laajeneminen, nivelen turvotus, nivelen krepitaatioeli rahina, nivelen löysyys sekä nivelen paksuneminen. Röntgenologisia löydöksiä ovat lisääntynyt nivelneste,nivelkapselin paksuuntuminen, luupiikkien muodostuminen, niveltilan kapeneminen ja nivelen osittainen sijoiltaanmeno.Tähystyksellä diagnosoitavia ja hoidettavia sairauksia ovat osteokondroosi, nivelkierukoiden vauriot,rappeutumista aiheuttavat nivelsairaudet, synoviitti eli nivelkalvon tai nivelen tulehdus sekä kasvaimet. Lisäksitähystystä voidaan käyttää koepalan ottoon nivelkapselista tai bakteerien aiheuttamien niveltulehdusten huuhteluissa. Tähystyksen etuja ovat tähystimen suurentavasta vaikutuksesta aiheutuva parempi näkyvyys ja lisääntynyt diagnostinentarkkuus. Lisäksi tähystämällä on mahdollista tutkia niveltä varhaisessa vaiheessa, jolloin tarpeeton avausvoidaan välttää, mikäli nivelessä ei olekaan muutoksia. Tähystimen pieni koko mahdollistaa myös pienet viillotleikkausalueelle, jolloin vähemmän hermopäätteitä vahingoittuu ja kudosvauriot ovat vähäisempiä verrattunaavoimeen kirurgiaan. Tämä mahdollistaa operoidun raajan käytön aikaisemmin, mikä osaltaan edesauttaa toipumista.Tähystyksellä saadaan myös lyhennettyä operaatioaikaa, jonka seurauksena anestesia-aika ja sen myötä mm.infektioriski pienenevät. Tähystys onkin erinomainen valinta hoidettaessa useampia niveliä yhtä aikaa. Artroskopian haittapuoleksi voidaan laskea kalliit instrumentit. Tähystyslaitteet ovat myös hyvin herkkiä vahingoittumaan,joten niiden käsittely vaatii suurta huolellisuutta. Aloittelevalle kirurgille tähystysleikkaukset voivat ollahankalia, sillä tähystäminen vaatii hyvää koordinaatiokykyä. Kokemuksen lisääntyminen myös vähentää operaatioaikaahuomattavasti. Tässä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa keskitytään koiran viiden suurimman nivelen (kyynärnivel, olkanivel, lonkkanivel,polvinivel ja kinnernivel) anatomiaan, artroskopiaan ja yleisimpiin artroskopialla hoidettaviin nivelsairauksiin.Tutkielmassa kootaan yhteen tämänhetkinen keskeinen tutkimustieto koiran suurimpien nivelten artroskopiastasekä artroskopialla hoidettavista nivelsairauksista.

Kastraation vaihtoehdot: Immunokastraation vaikutus kasvuun ja rehunkulutukseen

Lähes kaikki karjuporsaat kastroidaan Suomessa ja muualla EU:ssa ensimmäisen elinviikon aikana. Kastraation syynä on ns. karjun haju. Karjun haju on uroksen sukupuolihormonien (etenkin androstenonin ja skatolin) vaikutuksesta aiheutuva epämiellyttävä haju leikkaamattoman karjun lihassa. Kastroimalla estetään androstenonin tuotanto, jolloin lihaan ei muodostu karjun hajua. Kastraatio suoritetaan tavallisesti ilman minkäänlaista kivunlievitystä. Toimenpide on hyvin kivulias ja heikentää eläinten hyvinvointia. Kastraatio heikentää myös porsaiden rehuhyötysuhdetta ja aiheuttaa lihan rasvoittumista. Edellä mainittujen syiden vuoksi porsaiden rutiininomaisesta kastroimisesta pyritään luopumaan lähivuosina. Kirurgisen kastraation korvaajaksi on ehdotettu useita eri menetelmiä. Menetelmät eroavat toisistaan huomattavasti kustannustehokkuuden, käytännöllisyyden ja hyvinvointivaikutuksien osalta. Tutkimuksia vaihtoehtoisista karjunhajun ehkäisymenetelmistä on useita. Sukupuolilajitellun siemennesteen käyttö ja karjunhajun hävittäminen jalostamalla eivät ole vielä toteuttamiskelpoisia vaihtoehtoja. Haisevien karjujen tunnistaminen teuraslinjalta ei ole vielä nykytekniikalla mahdollista ilman liian suurta turhien hylkäyksien määrää. Rauhoitus- ja kivunlievitysmenetelmiä on tutkittu runsaasti. Lisätutkimuksia vaaditaan kuitenkin riittävän edullisen sikalaolosuhteissa helposti toteutettavan menetelmän kehittämiseksi. Huonosti toteutettu anestesia ei paranna porsaiden hyvinvointia. Yksi varteenotettava vaihtoehto on immunokastraatio. Immunokastraatiossa porsaille annetaan injektiona valmistetta, joka estää sukupuolielinten normaalin kehityksen, hormonituotannon ja sitä kautta myös karjun hajua. Immunokastraatio on todettu useissa tutkimuksissa turvalliseksi sioille ja kuluttajille sekä tehokkaaksi karjunhajun ehkäisyssä. Tutkimuksissa on saatu myös viitteitä immunokastraation edullisesta vaikutuksesta porsaiden kasvuun ja rehunkäytön tehokkuuteen. Tässä tutkimuksessa todettiin suomalaisilla lihasioilla immunokastraation pienentävän merkittävästi lihan rasvapitoisuutta leikkoihin verrattuna. Paremmasta rehunkäytön hyötysuhteesta ei saatu tilastollisesti merkitsevää (p<0,05) eroa, mutta asiaa on syytä tutkia tarkemmin. Ennen immunokastraation laajamittaista käyttöä on myös selvitettävä kuluttajien ja sikatilallisten asenteet valmisteen käyttöä kohtaan. Tähänastisten tutkimustulosten valossa immunokastraatiota voidaan pitää hyvin lupaavana vaihtoehtona rutiininomaiselle kirurgiselle kastraatiolle sekä tuotannon taloudellisuuden että eläinten hyvinvoinnin näkökulmasta.